Chapter 9 HIGH MIDDLE AGES Royal Power

Chapter 9 HIGH MIDDLE AGES

Royal Power l Kings head of society l Limited power – relied on vassals for military power l Church & nobles had just as much power l Each collected their own taxes l Each had own courts l Each had own army

Kings centralize power l l l Royal courts Government bureaucracy – hired middle-class workers Taxes – merchants paid for protection Built armies – used tax money to hire mercenaries Strengthened ties to middle class l l l Protected roads Reduced tolls Freed them from feudal obligations

Royal power in England Edward the Confessor – died without an heir l Harold of Wessex & William, Duke of Normandy claimed the crown l

1066 Battle of Hastings William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror l Grants land to Church & Norman lords l Kept l large amount for himself All vassals had to swear allegiance to William

Domesday Book l A complete census – listed everything of value in England

Other Kings of England l Henry I – created the Royal Exchequer l Replaced nobles with paid officials l Nobles pay taxes with money not military service

Other Kings of England l Henry II- one of England’s great kings Made royal law the law of the land l Created royal judges – circuit court system l Decisions became English Common Law l The law the same for everyone l Created the grand jury system & trial jury l

Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury l Henry II wanted to try clergy in royal courts l 1170 Becket murdered l Created power struggle between monarchs of England & church l

King John l l l Fourth son of Henry II and Eleanor Very greedy, cruel, untrustworthy, & incompetent warrior Loses most of England’s land in France to Philip II l l Becomes known as John Softsword Dispute with Pope Innocent III - John excommunicated l Forced England to become a papal fief – pay annual fee to pope

Magna Carta – Great Charter l 1215 John at Runnymede forced to sign by group of nobles l l l Limited king’s power No imprisonment without judge by peers Right to face accuser King must obey laws No taxation without consent Become the bases for the U. S. Constitution

The Great Council By 1200 s evolves into Parliament l 1295 – Edward I summons Parliament – wanted money for wars in France l Model Parliament – sets up framework for English legislature l House of Lords l House of Commons l “Power of the Purse” l England now a limited monarchy l

France Early French kings – very little power l 987 - Hugh Capet – Count of Paris was elected king– start of absolute monarchy in France l l Capetians l ruled for next 300 years Slowly Capet & his heirs increased power l Won support of Church l Played nobles against each other l Built effective bureaucracy l Gained support of middle class

Philip II – Philip Augustus Paid government workers – all middle class l Created new national taxes l Organized standing army l Used trickery, war & diplomacy to increase lands l

Louis IX Declared a saint by Catholic Church l A model monarch l l Noble, Generous, Devoted to justice l Persecuted heretics & Jews l Fought against Muslims l Ended serfdom l Expanded royal courts

Philip IV l l Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing of the clergy in France—Boniface VIII issued Unam Sanctum, a papal bull Sent troops to capture the pope (Anagni) l l l Pope escaped but was badly beaten & died shortly Gained support of the people through the Estates General Persecuted the Order of the Knights Templar – October 13, 1307 – Friday the 13 th

Holy Roman Empire l l 936 – Otto I took the title of king of Germany Close to Church – appointed bishops & abbots to high government jobs Gained the right of lay investiture Defeated the Magyar – Battle of Lechfield l Pope crowned him emperor of the Romans

Holy Roman Empire l Holy Roman Emperor could have been strongest monarchy in Europe l Claimed authority over most of central & eastern Europe, parts of Italy & France l Control really in the hands of the kings vassals l Emperor needed to control nobles l Elected position weakened emperor

Holy Roman Empire Emperors thought they were protectors of Italy & pope l Constantly interfering in Italian affairs l l Wanted l to control rich cities of northern Italy Results: conflict between emperors & popes over lay investiture – appointing of church officials by a lay person (someone outside the Church)

Holy Roman Empire l Gregory VII – 1073 – issue erupted l Wanted the Church to be independent of secular rulers l Said only the pope could appoint & install bishops Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV refused to agree l 1076 Pope excommunicates Henry IV l l Henry IV forced to beg forgiveness

Holy Roman Empire l 1122 - issue settled with the Concordat of Worms Church sole power to elect & invest bishops l Emperor had the right to invest them with their fief l

Holy Roman Empire l Frederick I – Frederick Barbarossa (Red Beard) tried & failed to gain control of Italy l Defeated by the Lombard League

Holy Roman Empire Frederick II – also tried to control Italy l Spent most of his time in Italy l Result: nobles within Holy Roman Empire grew independent & Germany will remain fragmented (united in mid 1800 s) l

Catholic Church l Pope Innocent III – Pope in 1198 l Claimed supremacy over all rulers l Clashed with all the powerful rulers of his day With help of Philip II of France launched a crusade against the Albigensians of southern France – tens of thousands killed l After his death the power of the popes starts to decline l

The Crusades l Byzantine Emperor – Alexius I asked pope Urban II for help l l Seljuk Turks – new converts to Islam 1095 – Council of Clermont Called for Christian knight to reclaim Holy Land, lands associated with the life of Jesus

The Crusades l Reason to join Crusades: l Religious zeal l Lure of land & wealth l Adventure/escape from troubles at home l Those who fought & died received salvation l Church protected family & property while away l Debtors had debts forgiven & criminals relieved of punishment

The Crusades l Pope Urban II reasons: l Thought it would increase church power & prestige l Unite the 2 branches of the Christian church l Reduce feudal warfare in Europe l Lands in Middle East provide outlet for Europe’s growing population

The Crusades 1095 - Peasant Crusade – Peter the Hermit l Convinced the poor they were going to heaven l In Asia Minor – massacred by the Turks l

The First Crusade

The Crusades The First Crusade – 1096 -1099 – only successful crusade—goal was to free the Holy Land l Captured Antioch and Jerusalem l Created 4 small Crusader states l

The Crusades l The Second Crusade – 1147 - started after Muslims recaptured Edessa and were threatening Jerusalem – poor planning & division among the nobles caused it to fail

The Crusades Third Crusade – 1189 -1199 l Saladin, leader of Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem l Known as the Crusade of the Three Kings – Frederick I, Philip II & Richard the Lion Hearted (Richard I) l l Frederick I – Barbarossa – drowns on the way l Philip II of France gets mad at Richard the Lion Hearted & goes home

The Crusades l Richard fails to capture Jerusalem but forces a truce which allowed Christians to visit Jerusalem

The Crusades Fourth Crusade – 1202 – called by Pope Innocent III l Crusaders attack the Christian city of Zara l l All l excommunicated 1204 attacked Constantinople (far as Crusade went) l Seriously weakened the Byzantine Empire

The Crusades 1212 - Children’s Crusade – 20, 000 kids l All sold into slavery in North Africa l

Results & Impact of the Crusades l Crusades were unsuccessful in reclaiming the Holy Land but they had a big impact on Western Europe l Left a bitter legacy & religious hatred l Increased trade and travel between Near East & Europe l Power of Roman Catholic Church decreased l Increased power of the monarchs l New taxes l Death of many feudal lords

Results & Impact of the Crusades l Encouraged the growth of money economy l Europe gained wider view of the world l New weapons & military tactics l Crossbow, catapults, carrier pigeons & possibly the use of gunpowder l Status of women changed – controlled land while husbands were away

Spain The Muslims had conquered most of Spain in the 700 s l Spain became a center of Islamic civilization l l Scholars preserved Greek & Roman texts

Spanish Reconquista 1100 s & 1200 s Spanish knights launched their own crusade known as the Reconquista or the Reconquest l By 1250 Muslims held only kingdom of Granada l

Spanish Reconquista Central Spain – Kingdom of Aragon l Northeast Spain – Kingdom of Castile l 1469 – Queen Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon l l Unites Spain l They use the common people to get power from nobles l 1492 capture last Muslim city of Granada

Spain l United Spain both politically & religiously l Ended the policy of religious toleration of Muslims & Jews l Caused economic problems l Revived the Inquisition, special Church Court set up to punish heretics

Medieval Education l Universities – many created by the Church l Most students trained for high positions in the Church l Took courses in all areas- Math, Science, Language, etc. l Universities were similar to guilds

Medieval Education l Student life at these universities hard l Long hours sitting on hard benches in unheated rooms l Books scarce & expensive l Student day from 5 AM till 5 PM l No regular classrooms l Took 3 to 5 years to complete the work

Medieval Medicine Some had read Hippocrates l Most used folk medicine (herbal remedies) l Believed illness caused by the devil or evil spirits l

Conflict in Learning Debate between faith & reason. Scholasticism – used reason & logic to support Christian beliefs l Thomas Aquinas – Summa Theologica l l Man’s ability to reason was a gift from God

Medieval Literature l l l 1100 s & 1200 s – new style – writing in the vernacular – common everyday language of people Commoners liked fables—short, humorous poems that poked fun at nobles, clergy etc. Chanson de geste (nobility) l Song of Roland – France l El Cid – Spain l Siegfried – German l Beowulf –England

Medieval Literature l Dante- Italian poet – The Divine Comedy

Medieval Literature l Geoffrey Chaucer – English – The Canterbury Tales

Medieval Architecture Cathedrals ( finest examples of Medieval art and architecture)– starting in 1100 s – towns competed for the best l Projects could take 30 years or more to complete l Helped educate the people through the use of sculptures and stained glass windows of biblical scenes l

Medieval Architecture l Two styles: Romanesque – influenced by Romans – arches, domed roof, columns, slits for windows, few statues l Gothic – very tall & airy, flying buttress, many windows (stained glass), lots of statues l

Black Death Also known as the Bubonic Plague l Between 1347 & 1351 – kills 19 to 38 million or 1/3 of Europe’s population l

BLACK DEATH Originated out of Asia and followed the trade routes l Reached the Black Sea city of Caffa in the Crimea l Italian merchants brought plague to Sicily then to Italian mainland l Carried by fleas who lived on rats l

BLACK DEATH Reactions to plague varied among the people l Flagellants were groups of men and women who wandered from town to town flogging themselves—caused mass hysteria l Some believed the end of the world was at hand—orgies of drinking and sex l

Effects of the plague Tore society apart l Whole towns & villages disappeared l People turn to witchcraft & magic for protection l Christians blamed Jews- forced to flee into eastern Europe l

Effects of the plague Decline in population = labor shortage l Serfdom disappears as the manor economy is destroyed l Trade declines l Workers demand higher wages l

Church Troubles Monarchs opposed Church’s political power l Monarchs could not tax church land l Church’s were getting involved in politics l

Babylonian Captivity l King Philip will get a Frenchman elected as pope in 1305—Clement V

BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY Clement V moved papacy to Avignon l Period when popes lived in Avignon is called the Babylonian Captivity (13051377) l Popes believed to be under the influence of French monarchy l Led to the decline in papal prestige l

Great Schism 1378 – Pope Gregory XI died while visiting Rome l College of Cardinals elected Pope Urban VI (Italian) l 13 French Cardinals then elect another – Pope Clement VII l

GREAT SCHISM Period when there were two or more popes claiming to be the head of RCC is called the Great Schism l Great Schism eventually ended with the election of Martin V l Rome once again was home to the pope l

Church Reformers l John Wycliffe – English theologian- wanted to reform the Church l l l Bible not pope final authority for Christians Jesus head of the Church not the pope Priest/sacraments not necessary for salvation Clergy needed to practice poverty Translated New Testament into English

Church Reformers l Jan Hus – German l l l Authority of Bible higher than pope Preach in common language not Latin Arrested, tried for heresy & burned at the stake by Roman Catholic Church

The Hundred Years War 1339 -1453 l Between England & France – Edward III of England claimed the throne of France starting the war

The Hundred Years War 1339 -1453 l War had four major stages; l England invades France captures French king & most of France l French take back almost all the land they lost l English invade again – Henry V forced the French to sign humiliating treaty l French rally under Joan of Arc (remembered for leading French forces to victories over English) Charles VII crowned king of France

NEW WEAPONS During the 100 Yrs. War new weapons were used including the longbow and the cannon l Cannon made castles outdated and the longbow ended the reign of knights as the most feared fighting force l