Chapter 8 Introduction to Contracts and Agreement 8

Chapter 8 Introduction to Contracts and Agreement 8 -1

Contract Definition: A set of legally enforceable promises 8 -2

Elements Required For Contract Formation • Agreement (Offer and Acceptance) • Consideration (Bargained-For Exchange) • Contractual Capacity (Legal Ability to Enter Into Binding Contract) • Legal Object 8 -3

Defenses to Enforcement of Contract • Lack of genuine assent (fraud, duress, undue influence, misrepresentation) • Lack of proper form requirements (statute of frauds writing requirement) 8 -4

Sources of Contract Law • State common law • The Uniform Commercial Code (Article 2) -Governs contracts for the sale of goods 8 -5

Classification of Contracts: Bilateral or Unilateral • “Bilateral” Contract: Exchange of promises • “Unilateral” Contract: Promise in return for performance of act 8 -6

Classification of Contracts: Express or Implied • “Express” Contract: Based on written or spoken words • “Implied” Contract: Based on conduct or actions -“Quasi-Contract” (“Implied-in-law” contract): Imposed in certain cases to avoid unjust enrichment, even if all elements of contract formation not satisfied 8 -7

Classification of Contracts: Valid, Void, or Voidable • “Valid” Contract: All elements of contract formation satisfied • “Void” Contract: Illegal purpose/subject matter; unenforceable • “Voidable” Contract: One or both parties can withdraw from contract 8 -8

Classification of Contracts: Executed or Executory • “Executed” Contract: All terms of contract fully performed • “Executory” Contract: Some duties under contract not performed by one/both parties 8 -9

Classification of Contracts: Formal or Informal • “Formal” Contract: Must meet special form requirements -Examples: Contracts under seal, “recognizances, ” letters of credit, and negotiable instruments • “Informal” Contract: No formalities required in making; a “simple” contract 8 -10

Chapter 8 Case Hypothetical Zsa Hilton, a wealthy socialite living in Beverly Hills, was frantic. Her best friend in the world was her pet poodle Caboodles, and Caboodles had been missing for three (3) days. Having searched her estate exhaustively, Zsa decided that her next best option was to post a reward for her beloved Caboodles. Zsa carefully prepared a poster advertising a reward for the return of her pet. The heading of the poster exclaimed “Please find Caboodles—Reward--$25, 000!!!” Below the heading was a color “glamour shot” of the animal and Zsa’s contact information, including her address and cell phone number. After soliciting the assistance of her butler, her maid, and her best friend Eva Ritchie, Zsa displayed and distributed one thousand of the posters throughout the greater Beverly Hills metropolitan area. Later in the week, Dane “Bulldog” Sheppard showed up at Zsa’s front door. When she answered the door chime, Dane said “I am pleased to meet you, Ms. Hilton. I saw your ad for the return of your lost poodle, and I am your man. I will find him, Ms. Hilton, and let me say in advance that I really appreciate the $25, 000 bounty, um, reward money!” Is there a contract between Dane “Bulldog” Sheppard and Zsa Hilton? 8 -11

The Agreement: Offer and Acceptance 8 -12

Elements of a Valid Offer • Manifestation of offeror’s intent to be bound -Intent determined by objective, “reasonable person” standard -Preliminary negotiations and advertisements do not constitute offers • Definite and certain terms (including subject matter, price, quantity, quality, and parties) • Communication of offer to offeree (or offeree’s agent) 8 -13

Termination of Offer • • Revocation by Offeror Rejection by Offeree Death/Incapacity of Offeror Destruction/Subsequent Illegality of Subject Matter of Offer • Lapse of Time/Failure of Condition(s) Specified in Offer 8 -14

Acceptance • Represents offeree’s intent to be bound by terms of offer and resulting contract • Silence generally does not constitute acceptance • Terms of acceptance must be identical to terms of offer (“Mirror-Image” Rule) • Effective when communicated by offeree to offeror • If no method of communicating acceptance specified in offer, any reasonable means of acceptance effective (Examples: telephone, mail, fax, e-mail) 8 -15

The Mailbox Rule Acceptance by mail effective when placed in mailbox; however, revocation of offer effective only when received by offeree 8 -16

Chapter 8 Case Hypothetical Tom Garrity, Bill Simmons, and Edward Yang were close friends. Their friendship had developed over their mutual love for vintage stereo equipment, and the three often spent hours with each other, admiring their electronic collections, monitoring online auctions for vintage receivers and speakers, and playing music. On several occasions, Edward expressed his interest in a particular stereo receiver Tom owned, the classic Marantz Model 4400. Edward often told Tom that if he ever wanted to sell the receiver, he would like to be first considered as the buyer. Last Saturday morning, Tom and Bill were at Tom’s house. During their conversation, Tom stated “Bill, I know how much Edward loves my Marantz 4400 receiver, and I have too much stereo equipment in the house. In fact, Sarah (Tom’s wife) has given me an ultimatum: Either a good portion of the receivers and speakers go, or I go! I have decided that I will sell my Marantz 4400 to Edward for $200. It’s worth at least $600, and it’s the only Marantz receiver that I own, but I’ve decided that I would like to continue to live in this house, and my wife hasn’t given me any other options except to sell some of this stuff!” Later that day, Edward appeared at Tom’s house. Edward enthusiastically proclaimed “Tom, Bill told me about your offer, and I will take the Marantz 4400 for $200. This is the classic receiver as far as I am concerned, and I am forever grateful to you! I promise I will take care of it, and you can have lifetime visitation rights! Oh, and please tell Sarah I said ‘thanks’!” Tom was perplexed. After his conversation with Bill on Saturday morning, he had decided to keep the Marantz 4400, and sell all of his other receivers. He knew that his next statement would test Edward’s friendship: “Edward, I’m sorry, but I have decided not to sell the Marantz 4400. We can discuss selling any of my other receivers, but the Marantz is ‘off-limits’. ” Edward’s reply? “We have an agreement, Tom. You made me an offer, and I accepted your offer. Here is the $200. Where is the receiver? ” Is there a contract between Tom Garrity and Edward Yang? 8 -17