Chapter 8 2 Holy Roman Empire and the

Chapter 8. 2 Holy Roman Empire and the Church 1. During the Middle Ages, the Church and monarchs increased their power. 2. By 1077, conflicts had developed 3. Longest, most destructive feud was btwn the Holy Roman Empire and the Popes.

Objective: learn about 1. Holy Roman Emperors fail to unify Germany into a nation-state. 2. HRE Henry IV fights w/ Pope Gregory VII over lay investiture 3. Church reaches apex of its power around 1200

This is important b/c…… • This is part of the struggle for rule over Europe: secular leaders vs. the Church.

Focus Q Thursday, 10/19 üWhat was “lay investiture? ” üWhy was it such a big deal during the late Middle Ages? üWhat did it lead to?

The Holy Roman Empire • After Charlemagne's death, western Europe dissolved into many separate states. • By 936, Otto I had united Saxon and German lands, took title of King of Germany

Otto I Becomes Emperor 1. Like Charlemagne, Otto I worked closely w/ the church 2. Helped the pope defeat rebellious Roman nobles 3. The grateful pope crowned him emperor 4. His successors took the title Holy Roman Emperor

Emperors Struggle for Control 1. German emperors claimed control over much of central and eastern Europe, parts of France and Italy. 2. However, the real rulers were the Church and nobles 3. The Huge conflict was…—who would appoint bishops and abbots (church officials)

The Feud Btwn Pope and Emperor • 1054, Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII scrap.

Gregory VII Causes Controversy – Many liked his reforms, but …… – Some policies aroused hatred, contempt 1. He didn’t want secular rulers to appoint church bishops so Gregory banned…… ***LAY INVESTITURE—emperors or others appointing bishops, abbots*** – Would be a 50 year struggle

Henry IV Responds • • • Henry says he can do it Pope says “no, you can’t” Henry says “yes, I can” The issue…. lay investiture

The Struggle Intensifies 1. Gregory VII excommunicates (excluded from the sacraments) Henry 2. Henry’s nobles revolted, forcing Henry to make peace 3. Henry repented…pope is a priest, had to forgive a sinner

The Struggle Intensifies 1. Gregory lifts the excommunication 2. Henry puts down his nobles…. then…. 3. Attacks Rome, forcing the pope into exile 4. That’s gratitude for ya

A Compromise: ***Concordat of Worms*** Ø 1122, both sides accept a treaty 1. ***Church had the sole power to invest w/ spiritual authority (to elect) Bishops*** 2. The emperor could still give them fiefs (for influence)

Think…Pair…Share What is lay investiture? How are lay investiture and the Concordat of Worms related?

I thought they were funny…. . Yogi Berra quotes • When you come to a fork in the road, take it. • You can observe a lot just by watching. • It’s like déjà vu all over again. • No one goes there nowadays, it’s too crowded.

The Struggle for Italy • German emperors wanted control over Italy • They came into conflict w/ popes and wealthy cities in northern Italy

German Emperors Try to Subdue Italy • ***(HRE) Frederick Barbarossa battled wealthy northern Italy cities (Lombard League) and the pope*** • So did his grandson, Frederick II, BOTH FAILED • Barbarossa wants an empire from Baltic to Adriatic

“Red Beard”

Effects on Germany and Italy • Holy Roman Empire survives as a patchwork of feudal states • Germany wouldn’t become a nation-state for 600 years, unlike Eng and FR • Southern Italy and Sicily faced centuries of violence

Church Power Reaches its Height • In the 1200 s, church reaches its peak political power • Popes like Gregory VII claim the right to depose kings, emperors • Later popes greatly expand papal power

Papal Supremacy 1. 1198, Pope Innocent III claims supremacy over all rulers 2. “pope stands btwn God and man and is judged by no one” 3. Innocent tangles w/ many, usually wins – King John of England – King Philip II of France – Launches a holy war (crusade) against a religious group in Southern France

Papal Supremacy • Innocent III strengthened papal power w/in the church too – Extended the Papal States – Reformed the Church courts – Changed the way that Church officials were chosen

Looking Ahead • French and English monarchies grew stronger • Around 1300, a French pope is elected, papacy entered a period of decline

Summarize • • On focus Q page 3 things you learned I wonder…… 1 simile