Chapter 7 Memory 2011 The Mc Graw-Hill

Chapter 7 Memory © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Preview n The Nature of Memory n Memory Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval n Forgetting n Study Tips n Memory and Health and Wellness © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Ted Talk © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The Nature of Memory Definition: retention of information or experience over time n “Through memory, we weave the past into the present and establish a foundation for the future…” Three Phases (Steps) of Memory (ESR) n 1. encoding n 2. storage n 3. retrieval n © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Encoding: Sensory Input n To begin the process of memory encoding we need to pay attention to information… © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Attention What is the role of attention? n n n selective attention (not notice other things) divided attention- multitasking (texting and driving) sustained attention- vigilance (studying) Research indicates that even though we feel confident that we can multitask- it actually impedes our ability to pay attention adequately. Pg 209 Glenn, 2010 –©texting in class 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Encoding: Levels of Processing Encoding occurs on a continuum… n n shallow processing intermediate processing deep processinging - meaningful The more deeply we process, the better the memory (Howes, 2006) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Encoding: Elaboration n Within deep processing, the more extensive the processing, the better the memory (Terry, 2009) Elaboration can enhance memory Creating numerous mental connections n n vivid examples self-referencing effect (relate to own experience) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Encoding: Imagery n One of the most powerful ways to make memories distinctive is to use mental imagery (Murray, 2007 etc) n n image codes (highly detailed and distinctive) are stored as both superior to verbal codes (words or labels) alone © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Encoding Study Tips n How can you use this information to enhance your memory for the material in this class? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Memory Storage Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory (1968) pg 212 3 Separate Memory Storage Systems (SM, STM, LTM) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Storage: Sensory Memory n very brief duration (miliseconds) echoic (auditory) memory iconic (visual) memory © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Storage: Short-Term Memory n n n attention: moves sensory memory STM limited duration (about 30 seconds) limited capacity (7 ± 2) (phone numbers) © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Storage: Short-Term Memory How can we improve/remember more for STM? n n chunking n grouping items into a unit rehearsal n conscious repetition of information n prolongs STM duration indefinitely © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Working Memory – An Alternative to STM Is Atkinson-Shiffrin’s theory too simplistic? Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory Pg 215 Active Memory System – allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks n n phonological loop - speech (Assistant) visuospatial working memory – visual and spatial (Assistant) central executive - integrates (Boss) CE can pull from long term memory as well © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Storage: Long-Term Memory pg 216 n relatively permanent with “unlimited” capacity n explicit long-term memory (declarative) facts and events n implicit long-term memory (nondeclarative) experiential learning n Page 218 examples © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Storage: Explicit LTM Subtypes of Explicit Memory episodic autobiographical memories semantic knowledge about the world © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Storage: Implicit LTM n n nondeclarative memory affected by a past experience without consciously recalling it procedural memory - skills classical conditioning – automatic associations Priming – pulling prior knowledge to make it easier to remember © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Memory: Location n Connectionist Networks (Parallel Distributed Processing PDP) is diffuse n circuits of neurons n neurotransmitter involvement n long-term potentiation n © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Memory: Brain Structure pg 223 Explicit Memory n hippocampus, frontal lobes, amygdala Implicit Memory n cerebellum, temporal lobes, hippocampus © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Memory: Brain Structures © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Retrieval: Serial Position Effect …tendency to recall items at beginning and end of a list more readily than those in middle Primacy Effect Recency Effect © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Serial Position Effect Graph pg 224 When it is time for the final exam, which information from your class do you think it would be best to brush up on, and why? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Retrieval: Special Cases n autobiographical memories n n n Episodic memory Episodic bump (adults remember what? Pg 227) emotional memories n n n flashbulb memories – emotionally sig event traumatic events repressed memories © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

False Memory Recovery? n childhood sexual abuse, other events n recovered or discovered memories? n n difficult to separate accurate and inaccurate memories How should courts of law deal with “discovered” memories? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Eyewitness Testimony Distortion – memory fades Bias – ethnic distinctions Inaccuracy - faulty More scientific approaches to trial evidence ? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Future Memory n prospective memory n remembering to do something in the future content – remembering what to do timing – remembering when to do it Study Skil – Improving Prospective Memory: Planner! Other Ideas? ? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Forgetting: Memory Failure n n n Ebbinghaus – psychologist, selfstudies encoding failure – never entered LTM (who is on the dollar bill, 5 dollar? ) Interference theory n n n proactive interference - previous retroactive interference – later Pg 233 © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Forgetting: Memory Failure n n n encoding failure – never entered LTM What is to the right of Washington’s Head on a dollar bill? Is “The United States of America” above or below Washington’s head? © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Forgetting: Memory Failure n n decay theory n passage of time forgetting tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon n can retrieve some information but not all © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Amnesia… n amnesia n anterograde amnesia (ante=before) inability to store new information and events OR n retrograde amnesia (retro=past) inability to retrieve past information and events 50 First Dates © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Study Tips – Encoding pg 235 give undivided attention n process deeply n make associations n use imagery n encode early and often n © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Study Tips - Retrieval redo notes n talk to others n test yourself n ask yourself questions n rest and eat well n © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Memory and Health and Wellness Roles of Autobiographical Memories n learn from our experience n Form the core of our personal identity n bond with others Memory and Aging n indicator of brain functioning n activity inoculates against mental decline n both physical and mental activity are important in maintaining a sharp mind © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Summary n n n n Identify three phases of memory. Explain how memories are encoded. Discuss the three stages of memory storage. Summarize how memories are retrieved. Describe how the failure of encoding and retrieval are involved in forgetting. Evaluate study strategies based on an understanding of memory. Discuss the multiple functions of memory in human life. © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Summary Encoding n attention, levels of processing, elaboration, and imagery Storage n sensory, short-term, and long-term memory Retrieval n serial position, retrieval cues, types of memory © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter Summary Forgetting n encoding failure, retrieval failure, interference, decay, amnesia Study Tips n encoding, storage, retrieval Memory and Health and Wellness n autobiographical memory, memory and aging © 2011 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc.