Chapter 7 Consonantal Gestures Place Purpose

Chapter 7: Consonantal Gestures

Place

Purpose Review English Categories Look at Other Place and Manner Possibilities - n Examples in Other Languages Look at Common Disordered Categories

Place Need to Specify n n Passive articulator Active articulator

Most Non-English Sounds Similar Places Different Manner 1. Bilabial 2. Labiodental 3. Dental 4. Alveolar 5. Retroflex 6. Palato-Alveolar 7. Palatal 8. Velar 9. Uvular 10. Pharyngeal 11. Epiglottal

LABIAL Bilabials English: n Oral & Nasal Stops, Glides Other languages n Fricatives w Spanish: saber (to know) = /saβeɾ/ Linguo-labials - tongue + lip

LABIAL Labiodental English: Fricatives Many languages have fricatives, affricates n German: Pfund (pound) = /pfunt/ No phonemic Stops or Nasals n Acoustic similarity to bilabials Many allophonic nasals n E. g. , “symphony” /sɪɱfəni/ “emphasis” /ɛɱfəsɪs/

CORONAL Interdental/Dental English: Fricatives Other Languages: n n Stops Nasals

CORONAL Alveolar English: n Stops, Nasals, Fricatives, Approximants Other Languages: n Affricates w E. g. , German, Zeit (time) /tsaɪt/ n Nonphonemic in English w E. g. , eats /its/

CORONAL Retroflex English: n Liquids Retroflex - tongue tip pointed up, articulation with underside of tongue (not manner because place is both where and what with tongue) Other Languages: n Stops, Nasals, Laterals, Fricatives w E. g. , Quichua, ari (yes) /aɻi/

CORONAL Part of Tongue Used Apical - Tongue Tip Laminal - Tongue Blade Dorsal - Back of Tongue

CORONAL Alveolar and Palatal English: n Fricatives 1. Palato-alveolar - front of tongue domed, tongue tip 2. near alveolar/post-alveolar region (not underside) Alveolo-palatals (like palatal + palato-alveolar) - further back than palato-alveolar, but still tongue tip under alveolar ridge (Chinese and Polish)

CORONAL Palatal English: n Fricatives, Liquids, Glides Other Languages n Stops, Fricatives, Nasal Laminal vs. Dorsal Phonemic vs. Allophonic Uses

DORSAL Velar English n Stops, Nasals Fricatives n n Spanish German

DORSAL Uvular Back of tongue to uvula Not in American English Fricatives n French Trill n German /R/ Nasals n Iniktitut /N/ Stop n Iniktitut /q, G/

DORSAL Epiglottis to back wall of pharynx Rare Fricatives Phonemic contrast between pharyngeal & epiglottal place extremely rare. n Acoustic similarity See Agul

DORSAL Pharyngeal Root of tongue to back wall of pharynx Fricatives

Manner

Stops Summary Table 7. 5, p. 168. n Know how each is produced

Nasals In many languages Primarily Voiced, some voiceless.

Fricatives Largest variety Classification n Tongue grooved or flat w not bilabial n Sibilants and Non-sibilants w Auditory distinction n n Sibilants have greater acoustic energy Different means of obstruction

Nasals, stops and fricatives (Nasals are all voiced despite the uvular nasal being on the left)

Trill Tip of tongue set in motion by air Uvular, Alveolar, Bilabial

Tap/Flap Tap n n Tongue tuip hitting roof of mouth Spanish single “r” – pero (but) /peɾo/ Flap n One articulator being thrown against another. Technically flaps retroflex and post-alveolar Often grouped, terminology used interchangeably. E. g. , “betty” (tap) vs. “hardup” (flap)

Affricates Phonemic – Duration Types n n Alveopalatal Alveolar Labial Ejectives Possible

Lateral vs. Central / Approximants (liquids & glides) Lateral n Air passes out sides Central n n Air passes out center Alveolar vs. Velar

Place & Manner Differences in Disordered Speech

Lateralization Primarily n n Stops Fricatives

Speech with a Cleft Palate Cleft in hard/soft palate w Tissue, Bony Structure, Muscle Inadequate closure/obstruction of air Structurally unable to produce certain sounds Attempt to keep same manner with different place May result in n Nasal Fricatives Glottal Stops Pharyngeal Fricatives

What you know about consonants: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Airstream Mechanism Airstream Direction Glottis State Part of Tongue Involved (NA on some) Primary Place of Articulation Manner of Articulation Centrality Nasality

Airstream Mechanism 1. Pulmonic 2. Glottalic 3. Velaric

Airstream Direction 1. Egressive 2. Ingressive

Glottis State 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Voiced Voiceless Murmured Laryngealized Closed

Part of Tongue Involved 1. Apical 2. Laminal 3. Neither

Primary Place of Articulation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Retroflex Alveopalatal Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal (Labial-Velar)

Manner of Articulation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Stop Fricative Approximant Trill Flap Tap Affricate

Centrality 1. Central 2. Lateral

Nasality 1. Oral 2. Nasal

Practice – match the transcription with the sound 1 a [ al] 2 b [ oz] 3 c [qa u] 4 d [p x] 5 e [ka ]

Practice – match the transcription with the sound 1 c a [ al] 2 e b [ oz] 3 a c [qa u] 4 b d [p x] 5 d e [ka ]

Difficult Fricative Practice 1 a [a a] 2 b [afa] 3 c [a. Ta] 4 d [asa] 5 e [a a] 6 f [a. Sa] 7 g [a. Ca] 8 h [axa] 9 i [a. Xa] 10 j [a a]

Difficult Fricative Practice 1 b a [a a] 2 e b [afa] 3 g c [a. Ta] 4 h d [asa] 5 c e [a a] 6 i f [a. Sa] 7 f g [a. Ca] 8 j h [axa] 9 a i [a. Xa] 10 d j [a a]