CHAPTER 6 Transportation 第六章运输第六章目录 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6 Transportation 第六章运输

第六章目录 CONTENTS OF CHAPTER 6 第一节运输模式第二节航空运输第三节汽车运输 Section 1 Transportation Modes Section 2 Airfreight 第四节管道运输 Section 3 Motor Carriers 第五节铁路运输 Section 4 Pipelines 第六节水路运输 Section 5 Railroads 第七节联合运输 Section 6 Water Section 7 Intermodal Transportation 第八节专业运输组 Section 8 Transportation Specialists 织 Section 9 Transportation Regulation 第九节运输法规 Section 10 Legal Classification of Carriers 第十节承运人的法 Summary 定分类 Key Terms 本章小结重要术语

本章学习目标 Learning Objectives 第六章学习目标 1. To learn about the five modes of transportation 2. To understand trade-offs between the five modes 1. 了解运输的五种模式 3. To realize the role of freight forwarders and other 2. 懂得如何在五种运输模 transportation specialists 式间进行选择、权衡 4. To learn about different types of regulation and their 3. 了解货运代理人和其他 influence on transportation 运输专业组织的作用 5. To understand the legal classification of carriers 4. 了解各种规制及其对运 6. To appreciate that different countries have different 输的影响 transportation infrastructures as well as different 5. 懂得承运人的法定分类 approaches to regulation 6. 认识国与国之间不同的运输基础设施及不同规制

第一节运输模式 Section 1 Transportation Modes

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Transportation ◦ The actual, physical movement of goods and people between two points ◦ Is pivotal to the successful operation of any supply chain 运输是两点间的货物及人的实体移动。运输是任何供应链成功运作的关键。

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Transportation influences or is influenced by: ◦ 1. Transportation costs are directly affected by the location of the firm’s plants, warehouses, vendors, retail locations, and customers. ◦ 2. Inventory requirements are influenced by the mode of transport used. 受运输影响或影响运输的物流活动： 1. 企业的厂、仓库、卖主、零售点及顾客的位置直接影响运输成本。 2. 库存需求受所用运输模式的影响。

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Transportation influences or is influenced by: ◦ 3. The transport mode selected influences the packaging required, and carrier classification rules dictate package choice ◦ 4. The type of carrier used dictates a manufacturing plant’s materials handling equipment. 受运输影响或影响运输的物流活动： 3. 所选择的运输模式影响着所需的包装。 4. 所用承运人的类型会影响制造企业物料搬运设备的选择。

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Transportation influences or is influenced by: ◦ 5. An order-management methodology that encourages maximum consolidation of shipments between common points enables a company to give larger shipments to its carriers and take advantage of volume discounts. ◦ 6. Customer service goals influence the type and quality of carrier and carrier service selected by the seller. 受运输影响或影响运输的物流活动： 5. 鼓励相同两点间的最大化拼箱装运的订单管理方法能使企业发送更大量的货物给承运人以利用数量折扣。6. 顾客服务目标影响承运人的类型和质量以及卖方选择的承运人服务。

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Transportation infrastructure Transportation modes: ◦ Air, motor carrier, pipeline, rail, water 运输基础设施。五种运输模式：航空运输，汽车运输，管道运输，水路运输。

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Intermodal transportation 联合运输 Transportation specialists运输专门公司 Transportation regulation 运输法规 Legal classification of carriers 承运人法定分类 Topology 拓扑，布局 Macroenvironmental 宏观环境的 International transportation 国际运输 Paved runways 铺设的跑道 Accommodate 容纳，提供 Wide-body aircraft 宽体飞机

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Benchmark 基准 Airbus空中客车(中、短程距离载客用之飞机） Jetliner 喷气客机 Long-haul international movements 长途国际飞行 Rail gauge 轨间距，两个平行轨道内侧的距离 Broad gauge rail 宽轨距轨道 Standard gauge rail 标准轨道 Narrow gauge rail 窄轨距轨道

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Attractiveness ◦ cost ◦ Speed ◦ Reliability ◦ Capacity ◦ Flexibility Public attributes: 一种运输模式的魅力依赖于以下特性：成本、速度、可靠性、能力、容量、柔性。公共政策会对各种运输方式的运作特性产生影响。 policy can affect a mode’s performance on these attributes.

第一节运输模式 Transportation Modes Ton miles: the number of tons multiplied by the number of miles transported. Freight revenues 货运收益 Construction costs 建设成本吨英里：所运输货物的吨数和运输英里数的乘积。

第二节航空运输 Section 2 Airfreight

第二节航空运输 Airfreight Tremendous speed, fastest mode of transportation ◦ particularly on the line-haul. Quite expensive Need accessorial service ◦ This adds transportation costs, transit time and handling costs. Great majority of Airfreight is belly freight ◦ Narrow-body aircraft, Wide-body aircraft, Airbus 空运是最快捷的运输方式，尤其在长途运输上。空运相当昂贵。而且由于大部分托运人和收货人不位于机场所在地，因此还需要补充服务。补充服务增加了运输成本、时间以及搬运次数。大部分空运为机腹货运。

第二节航空运输 Airfreight Best suited to high-value, lower-volume products ◦ that are of a perishable nature or otherwise require urgent or time-specific delivery Use dimensional weight to determine billable weight 空运的成本、速度和能力特性意味着空运更适用于价值高、体积较小的生鲜食品或需要紧急运送或具有特殊时间要求的货物。空运采用体积计重来决定货物的付费重量。

第二节航空运输 Airfreight Products moved by air: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ 适合空运的货物：流行服饰，电子或电器产品，印刷品，机器及零件，采摘的鲜花和幼苗，汽车零配件，水果和蔬菜，金属制品，摄影器材、部件及胶卷。 Wearing apparel Electronic or electrical equipment Printed matter Machinery and parts Cut flowers and nursery stock Auto parts and accessories Fruits and vegetables Metal products Photographic equipment, parts, and film

第二节航空运输 Airfreight The reliability of airfreight is somewhat problematic. ◦ Congestion and delays ◦ Weather conditions such as fog, snow and thunderstorms 在某种程度上，空运的可靠性是值得考虑的问题。例如空中货运的拥挤和延误，雾、雪和雷雨等天气条件都可能对空中运输的可靠性产生影响。

* 19 新白云机场鸟瞰

* 20 旧机场 2

第三节汽车运输 Section 3 Motor Carriers

第三节汽车运输 Motor Carriers U. S. highway system ◦ Interstate Highway System ◦ Motor carrier industry ◦ LTL 零担运输 ◦ TL 整车运输美国公路系统的中枢是州与州之间的公路系统。其对美国经济的发展有着深入的影响，许多企业设施选址在靠近州际公路的地方。其最重要的商业使用者是汽车运输企业。

第三节汽车运输 Motor Carriers LTL 零担运输 ◦ Less than truckload ◦ Carry shipments of many customers ◦ Operate through a system of terminals Prominent LTL carriers ◦ Is limited in the type of freight Terminal ◦ a facility where freight is shifted between vehicles

第三节汽车运输 Motor Carriers TL 整车运输 ◦ Physically fill a truck ◦ Of one or several customers ◦ Move directly from shipper’s location to consignee’s location ◦ Prominent TL carriers ◦ Can carry a plethora of freight types

第三节汽车运输 Motor Carriers Motor carriers are limited by highway weight and size restrictions. Their length of haul is mitigated by several factors. ◦ Speed limits ◦ Hours-of-service rules 虽然汽车承运人有能力运输许多不同类型的货物，但他们的能力受到公路道路承重和尺寸的限制。其运输距离受到速度限制和服务时间法规等一些因素的影响。

第三节汽车运输 Motor Carriers Primary advantage for motor carriers is flexibility Weather considerations, highway congestion affect the reliability of motor carrier delivery. Motor carriers are more costly 汽车运输的主要优势是柔性。运输可靠性受到天气条件、交通状况等因素的影响。汽车运输成本较高。

第四节管道运输 Section 4 Pipelines

第四节管道运输是唯一一种不需要运输车辆的运输模式。 Pipelines 重要价值在于：不需要车辆操作者，单向运输模式，最可靠的运输方式，最慢的一种运输模式，输送的货 unique mode without vehicles. 物很有限，有限的传递柔性，运送量很大，固定成本很高，单位成本较低。 Significant for several reasons ◦ No need for vehicle operators ◦ One way transportation ◦ The most reliable form of transportation ◦ Slow speed ◦ Pipelines are quite limited in the sense of products ◦ Limited delivery flexibility ◦ Capable of transporting very large product volumes ◦ Quite costly to construct, high fixed costs, Relatively low cost per unit

第五节铁路运输 Section 5 Railroads

第五节铁路运输 Railroads U. S. freight railroads Six attributes: capability, capacity, cost, flexibility, reliability, speed. Comparison for the five transport modes, Freight railroads: Transport many different kinds of products – capability Less flexibility than motor carriers Larger volume than air and motor – capacity Middle cost and speed of the five modes 运输模式的六种特性：能力、容量、成本、柔性、可靠性、速度。

第六节水路运输 Section 6 Water

Water 第六节水路运输 Freight moves by water Inland waterways, primarily rivers Minimum dredging depths 货物通过水上货物运输船舶运输，包括内河运输和远洋运输。这里主要讨论内河运输，主要是河流。疏浚后的河道深度要满足平底货船的最低航行要求，最小疏浚深度非常重要。

Water 第六节水路运输 Reliability: ◦ Weather-related conditions, such as drought, icing, flooding ◦ The waterways’ lock system 对内河水运的可靠性造成影响的因素：（1）相关天气环境的变化，如久旱、结冰、洪水等；（2）水道船闸系统。

Water Characteristics: ◦ ◦ ◦ 第六节水路运输 unreliable Slow average speeds Inflexibility Relatively inexpensive Greatest capacity Can carry many kinds of products, focus on lower-value bulk commodities 内河水运特征：不可靠，低速，非柔性，成本较便宜，运载容量能力最大。可以运输许多类型的货物，多用于输送低价值、可以用机械设备搬运的散装货物。

广州黄埔港 * 35

Section 7 联合运输什么是联运？联运的类型：驮背运输、鱼背运输联运的优势标准箱 TEU（Twenty一feetequivalenunit）(即以 20英尺集装箱作为集装箱计量的换算单位) 整箱（Full Container Load，FCL）拼箱（Less Than Container Load，LCL）

重要术语 Key Terms ◦ Accessorial service 补充服务 ◦ Barge 驳船 ◦ Broker 经纪人 ◦ Common carrier 公共承运人 ◦ Consignee 收货人 ◦ Contract carrier 契约承运人 ◦ Department of Transportation 美国交通部 ◦ Dimensional weight 体积计重

重要术语 Key Terms ◦ Excess capacity 剩余能力 ◦ Exempt carrier 豁免承运人 ◦ Freight forwarder 货运代理人 ◦ Intermodal transportation 联合运输 ◦ Line-haul 长途运输 ◦ Parcel carriers 包裹承运人 ◦ Piggyback transportation 驮背式运输 ◦ Private carrier 自有车辆承运人

重要术语 Key Terms ◦ Rail gauge 轨间距 ◦ Shippers’ associations 托运人协会 ◦ Slurry systems 泥浆系统 ◦ Surface Transportation Board 地面运输委员会 ◦ TEU 国际标准箱单位 ◦ Terminal 集散中心 ◦ Ton miles 吨英里 ◦ Transportation 运输

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CHAPTER 6 Transportation 第六章 运输 第六章目录 CONTENTS

CHAPTER 6 Transportation 第六章运输第六章目录 CONTENTS