CHAPTER(5) ULTRASOUND ﺩ/ ﻫﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ
CHAPTER(3) ULTRASOUND Ultrasound 2 -10 MHz Audible Sound Up to 20 k. Hz
Define each of the following n n Ultrasound is cyclic sound pressure with a frequency greater than the upper limit of . human hearing ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ: ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﻭﺗﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎ. ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ )) ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺨﻞ ((. ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ. ﻳﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ. ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻣﺪ ﺃﺴﺮﻉ ﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ
Ultrasound
WHAT ARE THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE SOUND? n n n n Sound can be classified into. : 1 Infrasound consists of oscillations of frequencies below 20 Hz , (earth quakes and atmospheric pressure changes) 2: Audible sound. It is normal hearing range its frequency ranges from 20 Hz to 20. 000 Hz. 3: Ultasound. It is a sound wave of frequencies greater than 20. 000 Hz
ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺳﻤﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﻨﻮﺍﻉ : ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻌﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ 02 ـــــ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ 02 02ﺃﻠﻒ ﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ
![n ] ﺍﻳ ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﺍﻳ []ﻫﻮﺩ : 76[.](https://present5.com/presentation/e40b85998b6d07512abaef8fd45dafd0/image-7.jpg "n ] ﺍﻳ ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﺍﻳ []ﻫﻮﺩ : 76[.")
n ] ﺍﻳ ﻭﺍ ﺍﻟ ﻭﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﺍﻳ []ﻫﻮﺩ : 76[.
ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ n n n n ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺬﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺼﻮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ. ﻭﺗﺘﺄﺜﺮ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎ : 1 ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻮﺕ. 2 ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ : ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺬﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﺼﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻈﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺼﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ : ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻆ ﻭﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺮﺃﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺩ
What is meant by: The speed of sound waves in solids. n n n 1: The speed of sound waves in solids. The elastic property is young's modulus (γ). The longitudinal sound waves propagates through abar υ = √γ/ρ Where : ρ is the density of the material of the bar
What is meant by: The speed of sound waves in fluids. n n n 2: The speed of sound waves in fluids. The elastic property is bulk modulus (B). The longitudinal sound waves propagates through fluid υ = √B/ρ Where: ρ is the density of the fluid B is the bulk modulus
The speed of sound waves. 3: The speed of sound waves in an ideal gas. n υ = √γP /ρ n Where: n P is the pressure of the gas n γ =Cp/Cv is the ratio between the specific heats of a gas at constant pressure and at constant volume υ = √γRT /ρ n Where: n T is the absolute temperature n M is the molecular weight n R is universal gas constant = 8. 31 J/mol K
X-RAYs NUCLEAR MRI ULTRASOUND NONINVASIVE NON-TRAUMATIC LESS EXPENSIVE
BUT……………. . . Cannot penetrate • mature adult bone (brain). Cannot penetrate any • substantial gas-layer. Because of High Impedance Mismatch
1880. . . Piezoelectric effect 1887… Waves which are used in ultrasonic 1917… Transmit sound waves under the see r • 1920… Study the interaction between • ultrasound and living systems. 1940 - 1950… Slow evolutionary period. 1960’s… Increasing number of physicians accept ultrasound in the clinic. 1970’s - until now… Widespread use of • ultrasound, as well as the development of new
Acoustic properties of tissues Tissue / Ultrasound waves Interaction Absorption. Scattering. Attenuation.
Absorption n Absorption mechanisms converts the energy of an acoustic wave to heat as the wave propagates through a medium. A plane ultrasonic wave in an absorbing medium will lose intensity as α: is called the absorption coefficient The intensity decreases more rapidly than the amplitude with the same path.
2) Scattering The scattering of a wave on an obstacle is a very complicated process, where it depends on its cross-section.
The term attenuation refers to loss in energy from the ultrasonic beam passing through a length of tissue. db/cm for f > 0 Where, f is the frequency, a(f) is the frequency dependent attenuation coefficient, b is the attenuation coefficient slope with frequency, and n is the non linearity frequency attenuation parameter.
Diagnostic Ultrasonography Displaying Monitor Transducer / Probe Keyboard Probe Connector Printer (B/W & Color
ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ n 1. ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ. 2. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ. 3. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ. 4. ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ. 5. ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ. 6. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ. 7. ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺔ.
ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺒﺲ Transducer Probe n ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻬﺎﺯ. ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺎﺳﻬﺎ. ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻬﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﻻﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻊ ﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ. ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺰﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻙ piezoelectric effect
piezoelectric effect ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻴﺮ ﻭﻛﻴﻮﺭﻱ Pierre and Jacques Curie ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﻗﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﺟﺪ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ. ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻴﺎﺭ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ. ﻭﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﺭﺗﺰ ﻻﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ، ﻣﻊ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﺑﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ. ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﺑﻌﺪﺳﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ acoustic lens ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ
ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ Central ) Processing Unit (CPU ﻭﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﻭﻳﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ. ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺲ ﻟﻴﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻩ. ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺗﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ.
. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ Transducer Pulse Controls ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻻﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻐﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺎﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻩ. ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑآﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻻﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ.
. ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ Display n ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺍﺑﻴﺾ ﻭﺍﺳﻮﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﻧﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ. ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﻭﺱ Keyboard/Cursor ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺐ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺺ ﻟﺘﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻒ ﻭﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ.
. ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ Disk Storage n ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ hard disks ﺃﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ floppy disks ﺃﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺮﺍﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻣﺠﺔ CD ﺍﻭ . DVD ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﺭﺷﻴﻒ ﻃﺒﻲ ﻳﺤﻔﻆ ﻟﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ. 6. ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ Printers ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺐ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ
• Device that can change one form of energy into another. Electrical excitation into motion and pressure. The necessary element for generating acoustic
Transducer Design
ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺗﻬﺎ ) ) Ultrasound ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﻤﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﻤﻊ ﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺣﻢ ﺍﻻﻡ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﻧﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺘﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻰ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺍﺣﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﻃﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺐ. ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ؟ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺮﺍﺳﺎﻭﻧﺪ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻲ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ 02 ﻛﻴﻠﻮ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ﺍﻱ ﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﺫﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻔﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺴﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻪ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﺤﺪﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻴﺴﺘﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻴﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ. ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﻮﺍﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻛﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺭﺍﺩﺍﺭ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ.
. ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ: 1. ﻳﺮﺳﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻴﻦ 1 ﺍﻟﻰ 5 ﻣﻴﺠﺎﻫﻴﺮﺗﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺠﺲ ﺧﺎﺹ. 2. ﺗﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ. 3 ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻤﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻰ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻋﻤﻖ ﻓﻲ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻭﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ. 4. ﻳﻠﺘﻘﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﻋ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻐﺬﻱ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ. 5. ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﻭﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻜﺴﺖ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﻕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ . 6ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻼﻳﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺨﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻟﺘﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺮﺍﻫﺎ، ﻛﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻷﺨﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ.
WHAT TYPES OF EXAMINATION ARE TO BE CARRIED OUT ?
1. TRANSDUCER * combination of linear and sector. .
2. FREQUENCY * Standard transducer should have central frequency of 3. 5 MHz. 3. ANGLE for Sector probe should be 40 or more, linear array should be 5 - 8 cm long 4. FRAM RATE… 15 - 30 Hz for linear array, 5 10 Hz for sector array. 5. FRAM FREEZE DENSITY… at least 512*4 bits to provide 16 gray levels
6. ELECTRONIC CALIPERS… one pair at least, with Quantitative readout. 7. ADD DATA IS POSSIBLE… patient identification, hospital name, date of examination… etc. 8. HARD COPY… should be possible. 9. MONITOR… at least 13 cm * 10 cm (preferably larger) 10. STABILIZING… should be able to stabilize voltage variation of +/- 10%. 11. Biometric tables… (it may not be universal and should be adjusted for local standards.
USER’S MANUAL SERVICE MANUAL
What are the application of biomedical ultrasound? n n n Date the pregnancy Confirm fetal viability Check for the number of fetuses (multiple pregnancy ( Check for fetal movement and heartbeat. Determine the sex of the baby Examine the brain Ultrasound is also used in therapy Detection of pelvic abnormalities. Treating benign and malignant tumors Ultrasound has been used in cancer treatment. Cleaning teeth
Story problems
Example(1): Find the speed of sound in copper bar which has a density 8 x 103 Kg/m 3 and its young's modulus is 11. 4 x 1010 N/m 2 ? γ = 11. 4 x 1010 N/m 2 , ρ = 8 x 103 Kg/m 3 υ = √γ/ρ =√ 11. 4 x 1010 N/m 2 /8 x 103 Kg/m 3 υ =3560 m/s
n Example(2): Find the speed of sound in water if the bulk modulus is 2. 25 x 109 N/m 2 and density 103 Kg/m 3? B = 2. 25 x 109 N/m 2 ρ = 103 Kg/m 3 υ = √B/ρ =√ 2. 25 x 109 N/m 2 / υ =1500 m/s
Example(3): Find the velocity of sound in air at atmospheric pressure and at 0 C (P =1. 01 x 105 N/m 2 , γ = 1. 4 , and density 1. 29 Kg/m 3? γ = 1. 4 x 1. 01 x 105 N/m 2 ρ = 1. 29 Kg/m 3 υ = √γP /ρ =√ 1. 4 x 1. 01 x 105 N/m 2 / υ =330 m/s
Example(4): Find the velocity of sound in helium at equilibrium pressure of the gas is 1. 2 x 105 Pa, and the temperature is 310 K , M = 0. 004 Kg/mole , γ= 1. 63 and R=8. 31 J/mole 0 K? 0. 004 υ = √γRT /ρ =√ 1. 63 x 8. 31 x 310 / υ =1000 m/s
ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ n ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﻞ ﺍﻳﻪ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺳﺘﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺄﺤﺪ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺟﺮﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻳﻨﺼﺢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ. ﻭﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﺾ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺘﺺ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻼﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ
ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻰ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻣﺴﻚ ﺑﻴﺪﻙ. . . ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻠﻤﺲ ﻗﻠﺒﻚ
ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻰ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ. . . ﻳﺠﺐ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ
ﺃﺼﻌﺐ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ : ﻫﻮ ﺍﻯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺴﻠﻚ؟ ﻭﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺘﺮﻙ؟
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