Chapter 5 Cost Behavior: Analysis and Use Power. Point Authors: Jon A. Booker, Ph. D. , CPA, CIA Charles W. Caldwell, D. B. A. , CMA Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph. D. , CPA Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
5 -2 Learning Objective 1 Understand how fixed and variable costs behave and how to use them to predict costs.
5 -3 Types of Cost Behavior Patterns Recall the summary of our cost behavior discussion from Chapter 1.
5 -4 The Activity Base Units produced Machine hours A measure of what causes the incurrence of a variable cost. Miles driven Labor hours
5 -5 True Variable Cost Example Total Long Distance Telephone Bill A variable cost is a cost whose total dollar amount varies in direct proportion to changes in the activity level. Your total long distance telephone bill is based on how many minutes you talk. Minutes Talked
5 -6 Types of Cost Behavior Patterns Recall the summary of our cost behavior discussion from Chapter 1.
5 -7 Variable Cost Per Unit Example The per minute cost of long distance calls is constant, for example, 10¢ per minute. Per Minute Telephone Charge A variable cost remains constant if expressed on a per unit basis. Minutes Talked
5 -8 Extent of Variable Costs The proportion of variable costs differs across organizations. For example. . . A public utility with large investments in equipment will tend to have fewer variable costs. A manufacturing company will often have many variable costs. A service company will normally have a high proportion of variable costs. A merchandising company usually will have a high proportion of variable costs like cost of sales.
5 -9 Examples of Variable Costs 1. Merchandising companies – cost of goods sold. 2. Manufacturing companies – direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead. 3. Merchandising and manufacturing companies – commissions, shipping costs, and clerical costs such as invoicing. 4. Service companies – supplies, travel, and clerical.
5 -10 True Variable Cost Direct materials is a true or proportionately variable cost because the amount used during a period will vary in direct proportion to the level of production activity. Volume
5 -11 Step-Variable Costs Cost A resource that is obtainable only in large chunks (such as maintenance workers) and whose costs increase or decrease only in response to fairly wide changes in activity. Volume
5 -12 Step-Variable Costs Cost Small changes in the level of production are not likely to have any effect on the number of maintenance workers employed. Volume
5 -13 Step-Variable Costs Cost Only fairly wide changes in the activity level will cause a change in the number of maintenance workers employed. Volume
5 -14 The Linearity Assumption and the Relevant Range Total Cost A straight line Economist’s closely Curvilinear Cost approximates a Function curvilinear Relevant Range variable cost line within the relevant range. Accountant’s Straight-Line Approximation (constant unit variable cost) Activity
5 -15 Types of Cost Behavior Patterns Let’s turn our attention to fixed cost behavior.
5 -16 Total Fixed Cost Example A fixed cost is a cost whose total dollar amount remains constant as the activity level changes. Monthly Basic Telephone Bill Your monthly basic telephone bill is probably fixed and does not change when you make more local calls. Number of Local Calls
5 -17 Types of Cost Behavior Patterns Recall the summary of our cost behavior discussion from Chapter 1.
5 -18 Fixed Cost Per Unit Example The fixed cost per local call decreases as more local calls are made. Monthly Basic Telephone Bill per Local Call Average fixed costs per unit decrease as the activity level increases. Number of Local Calls
5 -19 Types of Fixed Costs Committed Discretionary Long-term, cannot be significantly reduced in the short-term. May be altered in the short-term by current managerial decisions Examples Depreciation on Buildings and Equipment and Real Estate Taxes Advertising and Research and Development
5 -20 The Trend Toward Fixed Costs The trend in many industries is toward greater fixed costs relative to variable costs. As machines take over many mundane tasks previously performed by humans, “knowledge workers” are demanded for their minds rather than their muscles. Knowledge workers tend to be salaried, highly-trained, and difficult to replace. The cost to compensate these valued employees is relatively fixed rather than variable.
5 -21 Is Labor a Variable or a Fixed Cost? The behavior of wage and salary costs can differ across countries, depending on labor regulations, labor contracts, and custom. In France, Germany, China, and Japan, management has little flexibility in adjusting the size of the labor force. Labor costs are more fixed in nature. Most companies in the United States continue to view direct labor as a variable cost.
5 -22 Rent Cost in Thousands of Dollars Fixed Costs and Relevant Range 90 Relevant 60 Range 30 0 0 Total cost doesn’t change for a wide range of activity, and then jumps to a new higher cost for the next higher range of activity. 1, 000 2, 000 3, 000 Rented Area (Square Feet)
5 -23 Fixed Costs and Relevant Range The relevant range of activity for a fixed cost is the range of activity over which the graph of the cost is flat. Example: Office space is available at a rental rate of $30, 000 per year in increments of 1, 000 square feet. As the business grows, more space is rented, increasing the total cost.
5 -24 Fixed Costs and Relevant Range How does this type of fixed cost differ from a step-variable cost? Step-variable costs can be adjusted more quickly and. . . The width of the activity steps is much wider for the fixed cost.
5 -25 Quick Check a. b. c. d. Which of the following statements about cost behavior are true? Fixed costs per unit vary with the level of activity. Variable costs per unit are constant within the relevant range. Total fixed costs are constant within the relevant range. Total variable costs are constant within the relevant range.
5 -26 Quick Check a. b. c. d. Which of the following statements about cost behavior are true? Fixed costs per unit vary with the level of activity. Variable costs per unit are constant within the relevant range. Total fixed costs are constant within the relevant range. Total variable costs are constant within the relevant range.
5 -27 Mixed Costs A mixed cost has both fixed and variable components. Consider your utility costs. Total Utility Cost Y st o dc e x mi l ota T Variable Cost per KW Activity (Kilowatt Hours) X Fixed Monthly Utility Charge
5 -28 Mixed Costs Total Utility Cost Y st o dc e x mi l ota T Variable Cost per KW Activity (Kilowatt Hours) X Fixed Monthly Utility Charge
5 -29 Mixed Costs Example If your fixed monthly utility charge is $40, your variable cost is $0. 03 per kilowatt hour, and your monthly activity level is 2, 000 kilowatt hours, the amount of your utility bill is: Y = a + b. X Y = $40 + ($0. 03 × 2, 000) Y = $100
5 -30 Analysis of Mixed Costs Account analysis Each account is classified as either variable or fixed based on the analyst’s knowledge of how the account behaves. Engineering Approach Cost estimates are based on an evaluation of production methods, and material, labor and overhead requirements.
5 -31 Learning Objective 2 Use a scattergraph plot to diagnose cost behavior.
5 -32 The Scattergraph Method Plot the data points on a graph (total cost vs. activity). Maintenance Cost 1, 000’s of Dollars Y 20 * * 10 0 * ** 0 1 2 3 4 Patient-days in 1, 000’s X
5 -33 The Scattergraph Method Maintenance Cost 1, 000’s of Dollars Y 20 * * 10 0 * ** 0 1 2 3 4 Patient-days in 1, 000’s X Draw a line through the data points with about an equal number of points above and below the line.
5 -34 The Scattergraph Method Maintenance Cost 1, 000’s of Dollars Y 20 10 0 0 Use one data point Total maintenance cost = $11, 000 to estimate * ** * the total * * level of ** * * activity and the total Intercept = Fixed cost: $10, 000 cost. X 1 2 3 4 Patient-days in 1, 000’s Patient days = 800
5 -35 The Scattergraph Method Make a quick estimate of variable cost per unit and determine the cost equation. Variable cost per unit = $1, 000 800 = $1. 25 per patient-day Y = $10, 000 + $1. 25 X Total maintenance cost Number of patient days
5 -36 Learning Objective 3 Analyze a mixed cost using the high-low method.
5 -37 The High-Low Method Assume the following hours of maintenance work and the total maintenance costs for six months.
5 -38 The High-Low Method The variable cost per hour of maintenance is equal to the change in cost divided by the change in hours. $2, 400 = $8. 00/hour 300 hours
5 -39 The High-Low Method Total Fixed Cost = Total Cost – Total Variable Cost Total Fixed Cost = $9, 800 – ($8/hour × 800 hours) Total Fixed Cost = $9, 800 – $6, 400 Total Fixed Cost = $3, 400
5 -40 The High-Low Method The Cost Equation for Maintenance Y = $3, 400 + $8. 00 X
5 -41 Quick Check Sales salaries and commissions are $10, 000 when 80, 000 units are sold, and $14, 000 when 120, 000 units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is the variable portion of sales salaries and commission? a. $0. 08 per unit b. $0. 10 per unit c. $0. 12 per unit d. $0. 125 per unit
5 -42 Quick Check Sales salaries and commissions are $10, 000 when 80, 000 units are sold, and $14, 000 when 120, 000 units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is the variable portion of sales salaries and commission? a. $0. 08 per unit b. $0. 10 per unit c. $0. 12 per unit d. $0. 125 per unit $4, 000 ÷ 40, 000 units = $0. 10 per unit
5 -43 Quick Check Sales salaries and commissions are $10, 000 when 80, 000 units are sold, and $14, 000 when 120, 000 units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is the fixed portion of sales salaries and commissions? a. $ 2, 000 b. $ 4, 000 c. $10, 000 d. $12, 000
5 -44 Quick Check Sales salaries and commissions are $10, 000 when 80, 000 units are sold, and $14, 000 when 120, 000 units are sold. Using the high-low method, what is the fixed portion of sales salaries and commissions? a. $ 2, 000 b. $ 4, 000 c. $10, 000 d. $12, 000
5 -45 Least-Squares Regression Method A method used to analyze mixed costs if a scattergraph plot reveals an approximately linear relationship between the X and Y variables. This method uses all of the data points to estimate the fixed and variable cost components of a mixed cost. The goal of this method is to fit a straight line to the data that minimizes the sum of the squared errors.
5 -46 Least-Squares Regression Method • Software can be used to fit a regression line through the data points. • The cost analysis objective is the same: Y = a + b. X The output from the regression analysis can be used to create an equation that enables you to estimate total costs at any activity level.
5 -47 Comparing Results From the Three Methods The three methods just discussed provide slightly different estimates of the fixed and variable cost components of the mixed cost. This is to be expected because each method uses different amounts of the data points to provide estimates. Least-squares regression provides the most accurate estimate because it uses all of the data points.
5 -48 Learning Objective 4 Prepare an income statement using the contribution format.
5 -49 The Contribution Format Income Statement Let’s put our knowledge of cost behavior to work by preparing a contribution format income statement.
5 -50 The Contribution Format The contribution margin format emphasizes cost behavior, by separating costs into fixed and variable categories. Contribution margin covers fixed costs and provides for income.
5 -51 Uses of the Contribution Format The contribution income statement format is used as an internal planning and decision making tool. We will use this approach for: 1. Cost-volume-profit analysis (chapter 6). 2. Budgeting (chapter 7). 3. Special decisions such as pricing and make-orbuy analysis (chapter 11).
5 -52 The Contribution Format Used primarily for external reporting. Used primarily by management.
Appendix 5 A Variable Costing Power. Point Authors: Jon A. Booker, Ph. D. , CPA, CIA Charles W. Caldwell, D. B. A. , CMA Susan Coomer Galbreath, Ph. D. , CPA
5 -54 Learning Objective 5 Explain how variable costing differs from absorption costing and compute unit product costs under each method.
5 -55 Overview of Absorption and Variable Costing Absorption Costing Variable Costing Direct Materials Product Costs Direct Labor Product Costs Variable Manufacturing Overhead Fixed Manufacturing Overhead Period Costs Variable Selling and Administrative Expenses Fixed Selling and Administrative Expenses Period Costs
5 -56 Quick Check Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories? a. Absorption costing. b. Variable costing. c. They produce the same values for these inventories. d. It depends.
5 -57 Quick Check Which method will produce the highest values for work in process and finished goods inventories? a. Absorption costing. b. Variable costing. c. They produce the same values for these inventories. d. It depends.
5 -58 Unit Cost Computations Harvey Company produces a single product with the following information available:
5 -59 Unit Cost Computations Unit product cost is determined as follows: Selling and administrative expenses are always treated as period expenses and deducted from revenue as incurred.
5 -60 Learning Objective 6 Prepare income statements using both variable and absorption costing.
5 -61 Income Comparison of Absorption and Variable Costing Let’s assume the following additional information for Harvey Company. • 20, 000 units were sold during the year at a price of $30 each. • There is no beginning inventory. Now, let’s compute net operating income using both absorption and variable costing.
5 -62 Absorption Costing
5 -63 Variable Costing Variable manufacturing costs only. All fixed manufacturing overhead is expensed.
5 -64 Extended Comparison of Income Data Here is information about the operation of Harvey Company for the second year.
5 -65 Unit Cost Computations Since there was no change in the variable costs per unit, total fixed costs, or the number of units produced, the unit costs remain unchanged.
5 -66 Absorption Costing These are the 25, 000 units produced in the current period.
5 -67 Variable Costing Variable manufacturing costs only. All fixed manufacturing overhead is expensed.
5 -68 Learning Objective 7 Reconcile variable costing and absorption costing net operating incomes and explain why the two amounts differ.
5 -69 Comparing Absorption and Variable Costing: Year 1 Let’s compare the methods.
5 -70 Comparing Absorption and Variable Costing: Year 1 We can reconcile the difference between absorption and variable net operating income as follows: Fixed mfg. overhead $150, 000 = = $6. 00 per unit Units produced 25, 000 units
5 -71 Comparing Absorption and Variable Costing: Year 2 We can reconcile the difference between absorption and variable net operating income as follows: Fixed mfg. overhead $150, 000 = = $6. 00 per unit Units produced 25, 000 units
5 -72 Comparing Absorption and Variable Costing: Years 1 and 2
5 -73 Summary of Key Insights NOI = net operating income
5 -74 End of Chapter 5
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