Chapter 4 Sect 1 Notes The New England

Chapter 4 Sect. 1 Notes The New England Colonies

New Hampshire – Founded on Religious beliefs CT NH MA RI Connecticut – 1636 – Thomas Hooker led 100 settlers out of Massachusetts. He felt that the governor and the government had too much power. He set up the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (all men could vote if the were property owners and he limited the governor’s powers. Connecticut became its own colony in 1662 by a charter from the King of England.

CT NH MA RI . Rhode Island – Roger Williams was forced to leave MA by the General Court, because of his beliefs on religious toleration. He started Rhode Island where Protestants, Jews, and Catholics were allowed to worship freely. All white men could vote. Anne Hutchinson was forced leave ( general court ) Rhode Island, because of her beliefs. The church didn’t allow a woman to explain God’s laws

CT NH MA RI . Massachusetts – 1629 – founded by Puritans (separate entirely from the Church of England) John Winthrop was the first Governor and he worked side by side with other colonist. He was ` discontent that only Massachusetts Bay Colony stock holders could vote (general court) 1629 -1640 15, 000 came for religious reasons. This movement of people became as the Great Migration.

Puritans at War with Native Americans • Natives were crucial to New England colonists, but were repaid with hostility and disease. The more settlers arrived, the more Natives were forced from their land. Pequot Indians fought back, most were killed or sold into slavery. Metacom (King Phillip) led a group of Wampanoag against the English, destroying 12 towns and killing 600. 1, 000 Indians were captured and sold into slavery

Life in New England Towns & Villages Centered on church. Met for meetings in a meeting house. At town meetings settlers decided issues and made laws.

Religion and Family All life centered around the church.

Government Puritan laws were very strict – 15 offenses called for the death penalty including witchcraft.

Salem Witch Trials

Economy Farming was difficult due to rocky soil. People made a living building ships, fishing and whaling.

Decline of the Puritans By the mid to late 1700 s, fewer people were leaving England for religious reasons and ministers began to lose their influence on the governing of the colonies.

Chapter 4 Sect. 2 Notes NY The Middle PA NJ DE Colonies

PA New York – 1664, New Netherlands. Becomes New York because of NY rivalry between England & Netherlands over trade & colonies; leads to war in Europe. Dutch governor Stuyvesant surrendered NJ the land. King Charles II gave the colony to his DE brother, the Duke of York.

Delaware - Originally settled by Swedish, 1704, Penn took NY over what were known as the Lower Counties; they PA did not want to NJ DE send delegates to Philadelphia so they were allowed to elect their own assembly; eventually became Delaware

New Jersey - New York was split up & New Jersey was given to some NY friends of the Duke of York; they became a proprietary colony, which PA meant they would divide the land charge rent, NJ each year they had to pay the Duke a fee; NJ DE had fertile farm land & attracted people from everywhere because of local assemblies and religious freedom; 1702 became a royal colony. (direct control of the English Crown)

NY PA NJ DE Pennsylvania - 1681; founded by William Penn, a Quaker – believed everyone was equal in God’s eyes, war was wrong, abolitionists-Given a charter for a large area of wooded land; called it “Sylvania”, the king renamed it Pennsylvania Philadelphia – planned city, mean “City of Brotherly Love”

Life in the Middle Colonies There were better conditions for farming in the Middle Colonies than in New England; the growing season lasted longer so life centered around farming

A Thriving Economy Most colonists were farmers of wheat, barley, & rye; became known as the “Breadbasket colonies” Farms were larger than in New England; some hired workers or had slaves Economy also consisted of manufacturing, crafts, & mining

Middle Colony Homes Towns were less important; counties were center of government Many different styles of homes such as log cabins and red bricks Homes were self-sufficient

The Backcountry Land along the eastern slopes of the Appalachians, thick timber had to be cleared for farming Soon conflicts would break out with the Indians

Chapter 4 Sect. 3 Notes The Southern Colonies

MD VA NC SC GA Maryland – 1632 Sir George Calvert persuaded King Charles I to grant him a colony, he dies and his son fulfills his fathers dream. The first settlers arrive in 1634

MD VA NC SC GA Virginia – 1 st permanent settlement. Jamestown attracted colonist by the promise of tobacco profits

MD VA NC SC GA North Carolina – Eight English nobles receive a charter to start the colony. Mostly poor tobacco farmers with small farms and few slaves.

MD VA NC SC GA South Carolina – Farmers tried to grow fruits and raise silkworms, but their efforts failed. Rice later came to be the preferred crop, but was not grown in large amounts. South Carolina had more slave.

MD VA NC SC GA Georgia – 1732, James Oglethorpe started the colony of Georgia was a place where debtors could make a fresh start. Farms were no bigger than 50 acres.

Tidewater Plantations Warmer weather, long growing season – VA, MD, parts of NC – tobacco SC & GA – rice & indigo Early planters settled along rivers & creeks of the coastal plains, land washed by the tidewater; had their own docks along rivers for easy transport; small % were large plantations; enslaved Africans played crucial role

Backcountry South Near the Appalachians, more democratic, most treated as equals, smaller farms, self -sufficient, hardships would bring each other closer together, helped each other

Growth of Slavery & Slave Trade 1 st enslaved Africans arrived in VA in 1619 Started out as servants, some even owned land 1700 s southern plantations relied on slaves

Slavery in Africa Slavery had been part of the social & economic system since ancient times, In less than 400 years millions of Africans were enslaved, Western Europeans would trade guns & other goods for slaves, Africans along the coast would raid interior camps, then march the captives to slave post to be picked up

The Middle Passage Referred to the path the slave ships took across the Atlantic Ocean, 10 -20 % would die aboard the ships That’s 2 -3 million.

Limiting Rights Slave codes – treated enslaved Africans as property, not as humans Racism – belief that one race is inferior to another Some (like the Quakers) did not approve of slavery, they protested and tried to introduce Christianity.

Chapter 4 Sect. 4 Notes Roots of Self-Government

I. Growth of Slavery A. Before 1700 1. the first slaves arrived in VA in 1619 2. some Africans were free servants, some slaves bought their freedom, some were successful property owners 3. by 1700, plantations in the Southern colonies relied on slave labor B. Slavery in Africa 1. Slavery was part of the Social and economic system since ancient times, most slaves were prisoners of war 2. slave traders set up posts along the West African coast, they offered guns & goods for slaves

3. as demand increased, Africans raided interior villages for more slaves C. The Middle Passage 1. the passage of slave ships west across the Atlantic 2. slaves were crammed together, in chains 3. most Africans who resisted were killed, and only a few escaped 4. 10 – 20% of the Africans died on the ships D. Limiting Rights 1. as slavery increased in the colonies, slave codes were created which treated the slaves as property, not as human beings

Slavery

2. most English colonist saw nothing wrong with slavery a. Racism b. Believed they were helping by introducing them to Christianity 3. some colonist were against slavery, Quakers called for an end to slavery in 1688 II. Roots of Self Government A. England Regulate Trade 1. colonies existed only to benefit the mother country 2. mercantilism – nations become strong by keeping strict control over the colonies’ trade; a country should export more than it imports so that it

3. Parliament passed the Navigation Acts to regulate trade so that only England benefited from its colonies a. Goods could only be carried on English or colonial ships b. Certain goods, like tobacco & cotton, could only be shipped to England; 4. help for the colonies a. Encouraged colonist to build ships b. New England becomes shipbuilders center c. No competition with foreign merchants 5. Colonist resented ignored or they found ways around them which lead to smuggling

6. the acts are either ignored or they found ways around them which lead to smuggling B. Trade in Rum and Slaves 1. colonies produced a wide variety of goods 2. merchants developed trade routes 3. The Triangular Trade U. S. United Kingdom West Africa

4. New England Merchants grew wealthy from triangular trade often by disobeying the Navigation Acts C. Colonial Government 1. Government of colonies similar – governor, advisors, assembly 2. elected assemblies a. Legislature that made laws; most had an upper and lower house b. Upper house – governor’s appointed advisors c. Lower house – elected assembly that protected citizens & had the right to raise and spend money

3. in all 13 colonies the right to votes was given to white Christian men over 21 who owned land 4. English Bill of Rights a. In 1688, King James II is removed by parliament and replaced by William & Mary of the Netherlands during the Glorious Revolution b. In 1689, William &Mary sign the English Bill of Rights, protects the rights of individuals 1. gave everyone accused of a crime the right to a jury trial 2. outlawed cruel & unusual punishment

3. a ruler couldn’t raise taxes or an army without Parliament approval D. Few rights for Blacks, Indians, and Women 1. Blacks & Indians had no rights 2. Colonial women had few legal rights, they could not own a business or sign a contract without her husband’s approval 3. unmarried women & widows had more rights – they could make contracts, sue in court, & those who headed families could buy land

Chapter 4 Sect. 5 Notes Life in the Colonies

The End