Chapter 3 Voyage Through the Life Mr Dennis

Chapter 3 Voyage Through the Life Mr. Dennis G. Relojo, MP Centro Escolar University Department of Psychology

Developmental Psychology § Developmental Psychology is the study of human behaviour from birth to adulthood. § Draws themes from both cognitive and social psychology. § Integrates research from fields such as genetics and linguistics and the interaction between genetic and social factors in influencing behaviour. Source: www. careersinpsychology. co. uk Centro Escolar University 2

1. 2. 3. 4. Prenatal Development Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Centro Escolar University 3

PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Centro Escolar University 4

§ When an egg becomes fertilized by the sperm, the resulting one-celled entity , called a zygote, immediately begins to develop (Feldman, 2008). The first two weeks is called the germinal period. § The next stage is the embryonic period. During this stage the major body organs systems take form (Rathus, 2012). Centro Escolar University 5

§ As it develops, the embryo is suspended within a protective amniotic sac in the mother’s uterus. § The sac is surrounded by a clear membrane and contains amniotic fluid. § From week 8 until birth, the developing individual enters the fetal period and is called a fetus. Centro Escolar University 6

§ 1 -2 weeks: Germinal period (Zygote) § 2 -8 weeks: Embryonic period (Embryo) § 8 weeks-birth: Fetal period (Fetus) Centro Escolar University 7

Zygote Centro Escolar University 8

Embryo Centro Escolar University 9

Fetus Centro Escolar University 10

Common Genetic Difficulties § Phenylketonuria (PKU) A child born with the inherited disease phenylketonuria cannot produce an enzyme that is required for normal development. This results in an accumulation of poisons that eventually cause profound mental retardation (Walter et al. , 2002). Centro Escolar University 11

§ Sickle-cell anaemia About 12, 500 people in the UK have sickle cell anaemia. Sickle cell anaemia develops when your body makes an abnormal form of the protein in your blood that carries oxygen, called haemoglobin. Source: British United Provident Association Centro Escolar University 12

§ Cystic fibrosis The disease is caused by a scarring of the pancreas, which can give rise to a difficulty in breathing as well other symptoms, which can include: sinus infections, poor growth, diarrhea, infertility. Centro Escolar University 13

§ Tay-Sachs Disease disorder most found in Jews of eastern European ancestry, usually die by age 3 or 4 because of the body’s inability to break down fat ( Navon & Proia, 1989). § Down Syndrome often related to the mother’s age; mothers over 35 and younger than 18, in particular, stand a higher risk of having a child with the syndrome (Roizen & Patterson, 2003). Centro Escolar University 14

Activity Guess the Creature Centro Escolar University 15

His head was molded into a long melon shape and came to a point at the back. Centro Escolar University 16

He was covered with a thick greasy white material known as “vernix”, which made him slippery to hold, and also allowed him to slip easily through the birth canal. Centro Escolar University 17

… In addition to a shock of black hair on his head, his body was covered with dark, fine hair known as “lanugo”. His ears, his back, his shoulders, and even his cheeks were furry… Centro Escolar University 18

What is it? NEONATE Centro Escolar University 19

CHILDHOOD Centro Escolar University 20

§ Childhood begins with birth and is the period of life before puberty (Rathus, 2012; Collins Dictionary). § Babies usually double their birth weight in about five months and triple it by their first birthday (Kuczmarski et al. , 2000). Centro Escolar University 21

In terms of developmental stages, childhood is divided into… Centro Escolar University 22

Toddlerhood (1 -2) Centro Escolar University 23

Early Childhood (2 -6) Centro Escolar University 24

Middle Childhood (6 -10) Centro Escolar University 25

Adolescence (10 -19) Centro Escolar University 26

§ § Physical Development Cognitive Development Attachment Parenting Styles Centro Escolar University 27

Physical Development § Reflexes are simple, unlearned, stereotypical responses elicited by specific stimuli. § Examples of reflexes: rooting, sucking, Moro reflex, Palmar reflex, Babinski reflex, Centro Escolar University 28

Rooting Reflex Centro Escolar University 29

Sucking Reflex Centro Escolar University 30

Moro Reflex Centro Escolar University 31

Palmar Reflex Centro Escolar University 32

Babinski Reflex Centro Escolar University 33

Motor Development § The motor development of the child refers to the progression from simple acts like lifting the head to running around (Rathus, 2012). § Maturation and experience both play key roles in motor development (Muir, 2000; Pryce et al. , 2001; Roncesvalles et al. , 2001). Centro Escolar University 34

Perceptual Development § As early as four months babies have not only learned to distinguish colours, but have developed a particular preference for a certain colour as well. Source: www. kidsdevelopment. co. uk § Newborns are nearsighted, but by about four months, infants focus on distant objects (Rathus, 2012). Centro Escolar University 35

Cognitive Development § The ways in which children mentally represent and think about the world– that is their cognitive development (Rathus, 2012). § Because cognitive functioning develops over many years, young children have ideas about the world that differ considerably from those of adults (Rathus, 2012). Centro Escolar University 36

Jean Piaget Centro Escolar University 37

Cognitive-Developmental Theory § Assimilation means responding to a new stimulus through existing cognitive structures. § Accommodation is the creation of new ways of responding to objects or looking at the world. Centro Escolar University 38

Example of Assimilation q. A flower has petals, smells good, and has stem. q. A rose has petals, smells good, and has stem. q. A rose is a flower. Centro Escolar University 39

Example of Accommodation q. Whales are not fish. q. Whales are mammals without legs that live in the sea. Centro Escolar University 40

Thought Exercise 1 Erik knows that the Saint Bernard is a large dog instead of a little pony. This is an example of what Piaget called ____. Accommodation or Assimilation? Centro Escolar University 41

Answer: Accommodation Centro Escolar University 42

Explanation: Erik believes that "All big four legged animals are ponies". He sees a breed of dog (Saint Bernard) that he's never seen before and says, "That's a pony. " But his parents tell him it isn't a pony, but a dog, a large one. So the child accommodates. Centro Escolar University 43

Thought Exercise 2 A 2 year old child sees a man who is bald on top of his head and has long frizzy hair on the sides. To his father’s horror, the toddler shouts “Clown, clown” Centro Escolar University 44

Answer: Assimilation Centro Escolar University 45

Explanation: The child may have seen a clown in the past- someone that is bald on top and has long frizzy hairs on the sides. And so he assimilates this when he saw the man. Centro Escolar University 46

Thought Exercise 3 When Jon was growing up his parents told him that tattoos are bad. He assimilated such information as "probably rides a motorcycle, " "is dirty, " and "probably has been in jail" into a schema during childhood. When he got to college, he met a lot of people with tattoos who aren’t bad. Centro Escolar University 47

Answer: Accommodation Centro Escolar University 48

Explanation: When Jon was a kid he assimilated that tattoos are bad because that is what his parents told him. When he got to college he met people who did not fit into his schema, and thus had to do some accommodation to accept those people. Centro Escolar University 49

Stages of Cognitive Development § § Sensorimotor (Birth- 2 Years) Preoperational (2 -7 Years) Concrete Operational (7 -12 Years) Formal Operational (12 and Above) Centro Escolar University 50

Sensorimotor § Differentiates self from objects § Recognises self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e. g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise. § Achieves object permanence: realises that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense Source: www. learningandteaching. info Centro Escolar University 51

Preoperational § Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others. § Classifies objects by a single feature: e. g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of colour. Source: www. learningandteaching. info Centro Escolar University 52

Concrete Operational § Can think logically about objects and events § Achieves conservation of number, mass , and weight. § Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size Source: www. learningandteaching. info Centro Escolar University 53

Formal Operational § Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically § Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems Source: www. learningandteaching. info Centro Escolar University 54

Lev Vygotsky Centro Escolar University 55

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory § Lev Vygotsky’s theory focuses on the transmission of information and cognitive skills from generation to generation (Rathus, 2012). § Believed that community plays a central role in the process of "making meaning“ (www. simplypsychology. org) Centro Escolar University 56

Zone of Proximal Development § Zone of Proximal Development is the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers (Vygotsky, 1978). Centro Escolar University 57

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Seatwork ½ Yellow Paper, cross-wise, 10 points. Read Parenting Styles (p. 84 -85). Identify the parenting styles of your parents and discuss how it has influenced your personality development. Centro Escolar University 59

Assignment 1. Follow me on Twitter @Dennis. Relojo Visit vk. com/behaviourcentre for instructions (50 Points) 2. Read pages 80 -83 Centro Escolar University 60