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Chapter 3 Mesopotamia Chapter 3 Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia Turkey Israel Iraq Egypt Saudi Arabia Mesopotamia Turkey Israel Iraq Egypt Saudi Arabia

Around 15, 000 B. C. , people began migrating. Why? Around 15, 000 B. C. , people began migrating. Why?

People began migrating in search of… • Water • Land • Fertile soil • People began migrating in search of… • Water • Land • Fertile soil • Climate

Also… about 15, 000 B. C. , farming began to evolve. Where did this Also… about 15, 000 B. C. , farming began to evolve. Where did this “revolution” begin?

Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Indus River Nile River Huang He River Tigris & Euphrates Rivers Indus River Nile River Huang He River

Section 1 The Rise of Sumer Section 1 The Rise of Sumer

The Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent

The Fertile Crescent • Area of land in SW Asia • Fertile because of The Fertile Crescent • Area of land in SW Asia • Fertile because of rivers: Tigris & Euphrates • Little rainfall • Must irrigate crops

Mesopotamia • Greek: Meso – between +Pot – river “land between the rivers” • Mesopotamia • Greek: Meso – between +Pot – river “land between the rivers” • Located between Tigris & Euphrates • Present day Iraq • “Cradle of Civilization”

The Rise of Sumer • Earliest known civilization • Located in Mesopotamia • People The Rise of Sumer • Earliest known civilization • Located in Mesopotamia • People built up natural levees higher to control flooding • Built canals and used them to irrigate crops • Crops included: barley (chief crop), wheat, sesame, flax, fruit, dates

5 Characteristics of Civilization • Food Surplus • Specialization of Labor • Government • 5 Characteristics of Civilization • Food Surplus • Specialization of Labor • Government • Social Classes • Signs of Culture

Ur – Food Surplus • Grew crops using irrigation • Used surplus to trade Ur – Food Surplus • Grew crops using irrigation • Used surplus to trade for other goods • Ur was major center for trade and commerce

Specialization of Labor • Houses made of mud and crushed reed bricks (no stone Specialization of Labor • Houses made of mud and crushed reed bricks (no stone or timber available) • City was surrounded by wall

Government • Made laws • City-states: city and farmland around it • Priests ran Government • Made laws • City-states: city and farmland around it • Priests ran city-states

Signs of Culture • Religion • Language • Dress • Customs • Social Classes Signs of Culture • Religion • Language • Dress • Customs • Social Classes

Religion • Ziggurat – temple in the middle of each Sumerian city • Ziggurat Religion • Ziggurat – temple in the middle of each Sumerian city • Ziggurat – “mountain of god” or “hill of heaven” • Only priest entered ziggurats

Religious Beliefs • Forces of nature were gods • Humans were created from mud Religious Beliefs • Forces of nature were gods • Humans were created from mud of rivers to serve gods • Only priest knew will of gods • Priests……… became very powerful.

Social Classes • Upper Class • Middle Class • Lower Class Social Classes • Upper Class • Middle Class • Lower Class

Upper Class • Houses in center of city • Priests and merchants • Priests Upper Class • Houses in center of city • Priests and merchants • Priests controlled land, schools, etc. • Only rich males could go to school

Priest makes account of supplies Priest makes account of supplies

Middle Class • Houses outside upper class houses • Government officials, shop keepers, artisans Middle Class • Houses outside upper class houses • Government officials, shop keepers, artisans (skilled workers)

Lower Class • Houses outside middle class • Farmers, unskilled workers, fishermen Lower Class • Houses outside middle class • Farmers, unskilled workers, fishermen

Sumerian Schools • Called tablet houses • Students were taught to write cuneiform Sumerian Schools • Called tablet houses • Students were taught to write cuneiform

Cuneiform • Sumerian writing using hundreds of markings shaped in wedges • Writing was Cuneiform • Sumerian writing using hundreds of markings shaped in wedges • Writing was developed to keep track of business dealings • Students became scribes (writers) in the temple, palace, government, army, for merchants , or became public writers

Cuneiform Pictures to represent objects Pictures to represent ideas Pictures to represent syllables Cuneiform Pictures to represent objects Pictures to represent ideas Pictures to represent syllables

The Round School Tablet from the Babylonian city of Nippur during Hammurabi Dynasty The Round School Tablet from the Babylonian city of Nippur during Hammurabi Dynasty

The Philadelphia Tablet found near Baghdad, Iraq 3100 -2900 B. C. The Philadelphia Tablet found near Baghdad, Iraq 3100 -2900 B. C.

Vargy’s monogram http: //www. upennmuseum. com/cuneiform. cgi Vargy’s monogram http: //www. upennmuseum. com/cuneiform. cgi

Women’s Rights • Women could…. …buy and sell land …run businesses …buy and sell Women’s Rights • Women could…. …buy and sell land …run businesses …buy and sell slaves • Women could… …be divorced …be sold or rented for 3 years

Priests or Kings? • Sumerian priests were kings over city-states • Received advice from Priests or Kings? • Sumerian priests were kings over city-states • Received advice from an assembly • In time of war, city-state would choose a military leader

• About 3, 000 B. C. , this military leader took the place • About 3, 000 B. C. , this military leader took the place of priests as permanent kings. • Kingship became hereditary (passed on from parent to child)

Gilgamesh of Uruk • Famous priest-king • Story written about 1700 B. C. • Gilgamesh of Uruk • Famous priest-king • Story written about 1700 B. C. • Gilgamesh searches for a way to live forever after the death of his friend Enkidu.