Chapter 3 England Its Colonies The Scots

Chapter 3 England Its Colonies

The Scots and Scotch-Irish • Great Britain was formed in 1707: England, Wales, Scotland. – This meant some Scots became colonial officials and royal governors. • 3 Streams of Immigration – Highlands – Lowlands – Ulster, Northern Ireland with mixed peoples – 250, 000 arrived in the 1700’s

The Germans – 100, 000 immigrants – Protestant – Came from the Rhine Valley in SW Germany and Northern Switzerland • They came to escape war, taxes, and religious persecution. • 1682, William Penn recruited Germans to help settle an area of Pennsylvania. – An immigrant in PA could obtain a farm 6 times larger than a typical peasant in Germany.

Africans Transported To America • Growing colonies= growing crops= need for labor • Early 1600’s, Africans were mostly treated as indentured servants. – Freed blacks could own land, vote, even buy enslaved Africans on their own. • Mid 1600’s, most colonies began to pass laws that supported the permanent enslavement. – “All servants imported…who were not Christians in their native Country…shall be accounted and be slaves. ” – Children of slaves were also considered slaves. – Change in legal status promoted a racist idea that people of African origin were inferior to whites.

Transatlantic Slave Trade – Once established, slavery expanded rapidly. – During the 1700’s, the British colonies imported approximately 1. 5 million slaves from Africa. – The majority went to the West Indies, but at least 250, 000 came to America. – Africans were kidnapped or taken in wars and sold • 3 part voyage= Triangular Trade – Traders sailed from Europe to Africa where they traded manufactured goods for Africans. – Then, in the Middle Passage, shippers carried the Africans across the Atlantic to the colonies. – After selling the slaves for colonial goods, the traders returned to their home countries to repeat the process.

Slavery in the North and South • In New England most slaves were farmhands, dockworkers, and house servants. • In the Southern colonies most worked in fields on plantations growing tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar. • Most adopted Christianity from their masters, blending it with some of their own religious traditions.

Rebels and Runaways • Stono Rebellion in South Carolina – 100 slaves tried to escape and killed 20 white peoples before being caught and executed. • Some fled to Indian villages, mostly in Florida where the Spanish welcomed them with food, land, and freedom. – They did this because they thought it would weaken the British colonies and strengthen their own militia. • Other forms of rebellion: – Working slowly – Faking illness – Pretending ignorance – Breaking tools

Magna Carta • Document English nobles forced King John to accept in 1215. – It protected the nobles by limiting the king’s ability to tax them and by guaranteeing due process, or the right to a trial. – Before instating a tax, the king needed permission from the nobles. – These nobles gained power and evolved into Parliament. • House of Lords (inherited mostly through rank and blood line) • House of Commons (elected commoners)

Why does England have such an interest in the colonies? • Economic wealth – Exporting of raw materials and importing British made goods – The colonies were being used to provide the materials England lacked • Mercantilism- nations seek to increase wealth and power by acquiring gold and silver through a balanced trade.

Change in Policy • Colonists were shipping goods to other countries including England. – Spain, France, Holland – They were making money • England viewed this as a threat. • Parliament, or England’s legislative body, passed the Navigation Acts.

Navigation Acts • The Acts restricted colonial trade: All trade between the Colonies and Europe must go through an English port. Colonies could only export certain products to England. Navigation Acts Crew members And Captains had to be ¾ English. Trade permitted on English or Colonial ships.

Positive Effects • More jobs for English dock workers • Import taxes on goods = more money for English Treasury • Ship-building industry in the colonies Negative Effects • Colonial merchants did not like trade restrictions • They smuggled goods • England punished colonists for smuggling

• Massachusetts gets its charter revoked • Northern colonies are combined to make one colony – The Dominion of New England – King James II • King James chose Sir Edmund Andros to be governor – He was highly disliked – Questioned the lawfulness of Puritan beliefs – Strictly enforced Navigation Acts – Outlawed local assemblies and levied taxes without consent from local leaders

Glorious Revolution James II • King James was a Catholic • Most of England the colonies were Protestant • James had a son who would eventually become heir to the throne and rule as a Catholic • England did not want another Catholic monarch • Parliament decided to do something about the situation

Glorious Revolution • William and Mary – Mary was James’ daughter and she was married to William – Mary was Protestant • Parliament voted out James II and put William and Mary onto the throne – This ensured the continuation of a Protestant England William and Mary

• When the colonies found out about the Glorious Revolution they arrested Andros • Parliament did away with the Dominion of New England restored the colonies to what they were before. • Salutary Neglect- England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies. • The King appointed a governor for each colony. – Colonists paid his salary. – Governor appointed an advisory council a local assembly. • Colonists were developing a taste for self-government.

The Enlightenment and Great Awakening

Enlightenment • Philosophers in Europe began using reason and the scientific method to gain more knowledge of the world around them. • Scientists looked beyond religious doctrines to investigate how the world worked. • Who did this influence? – – Sir Isaac Newton Galileo Galilei Nicolaus Copernicus They soon determined the Earth revolved around the sun and not vice versa. – They also concluded the world is governed not by chance or miracles, but by fixed mathematical laws.

Enlightenment • These ideas traveled across Europe and eventually to the colonies. – People read about this in books and pamphlets. – Literacy was high in New England. Puritans supported education so that people could read the Bible. • Benjamin Franklin was the colonist who embraced this movement the most. – He thought he could obtain truth through experimentation and reasoning. – Franklin believed human beings could use their intellect to improve their lives. – How did Franklin’s intellect better his life and ours? • Lightening Rod • Bifocals • Franklin Stove- heating system

Enlightenment • Had profound effect on politics • Colonial leaders such as Thomas Jefferson used reason to conclude that individuals have natural rights, which governments must respect. • These principles led to colonists questioning authority of the British monarchy.

Great Awakening • The Puritan church had lost its grip on society, and church membership was in decline. • People were more focused on their current world and not as worried about the next stage of life. • Jonathan Edwards was from Northampton, Massachusetts and a member of the clergy. – He wanted to revive the intensity and commitment of the original Puritan visions and beliefs. – He preached that church attendance was not enough for salvation – People needed to acknowledge their sinfulness and feel God’s love for them – Gave the famous sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” • Described God’s mercy – Other preachers traveled to multiple villages stirring people to rededicate themselves to God.

Great Awakening • More colonists, Native Americans, African Americans were now into more organized religions. • Some colonists abandoned their old Puritan or Anglican congregations and sought different denominations – Baptists, Methodists • Led to an increase in higher education – Different colleges: Princeton, Brown, Columbia, Dartmouth to train ministers.

Similarities • Both caused colonists to question traditional authority. • Stressed the importance of the individual • Colonists questioned Britain’s authority over their lives.