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Chapter 3 Computer Hardware Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Chapter 3 Computer Hardware Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2011 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives • Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware. • Identify the Learning Objectives • Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware. • Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems. • Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage. 3 -2

Learning Objectives • Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a Learning Objectives • Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system. • Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection. 3 -3

Early Computing • 1880 s – Punched cards turned sensors On or Off • Early Computing • 1880 s – Punched cards turned sensors On or Off • 1946 – – ENIAC First Digital computer - programmable Used vacuum tubes Would fill room 39 ft by 39 ft • Late 1950 s – Transistors replaced vacuum tubes – Smaller, faster, cooler 3 -4

Waves of Computing • First Generation - Prior to 1950 – Vacuum tubes • Waves of Computing • First Generation - Prior to 1950 – Vacuum tubes • Second Generation - Late 1950 s – Transistors & integrated circuits – Jack Kilby – 200, 000 to 250, 000 calculations per second • Third Generation - Mid-1960 s – Integrated circuitry and miniaturization • Fourth Generation - 1971 – Further miniaturization – Multiprogramming and virtual storage • Fifth Generation - 1980 s – Millions of calculations per second 3 -5

Age of Microcomputers • 1975 – MITS introduced ALTAIR 8800. • 1977 – Commodore Age of Microcomputers • 1975 – MITS introduced ALTAIR 8800. • 1977 – Commodore and Radio Shack • 1979 – Apple computer, fastest selling – Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak • 1982 – IBM introduced the PC – Changed the market 3 -6

Information Appliances • Hand-held microcomputer devices • Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs) – Information Appliances • Hand-held microcomputer devices • Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs) – – – Web-enabled Touch screens, handwriting recognition, keypads Access email or the Web Exchange data with desktop PCs or servers Latest entrant is the Black. Berry • PDAs include – Video-game consoles – Cellular and PCS phones – Telephone-based home email appliances • i. Phone 4 3 -7

Midrange Systems • High-end network servers – Large-scale processing of business applications • Not Midrange Systems • High-end network servers – Large-scale processing of business applications • Not as powerful as mainframes – Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain • Often used to manage – Large Internet websites – Corporate intranets and extranets – Integrated, enterprise-wide applications • Used as front-end servers – Assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks 3 -8

Mainframe Computer Systems • Large, fast, powerful computer systems – Large primary storage capacity Mainframe Computer Systems • Large, fast, powerful computer systems – Large primary storage capacity – High transaction processing – Handles complex computations • Widely used as superservers for… – Large client/server networks – High-volume Internet websites • Becoming popular computing platform for… – Electronic commerce applications – Data mining and warehousing 3 -9

Supercomputer Systems • Extremely powerful systems – Scientific, engineering, and business applications – Massive Supercomputer Systems • Extremely powerful systems – Scientific, engineering, and business applications – Massive numeric computations • Markets include… – Government research agencies – Large universities – Major corporations • Uses parallel processing – Billions to trillions of operations per second • (gigaflops and teraflops) – Costs $5 to $50 million 3 -10

Storage Capacity Measurement • • • Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes Megabyte (MB): one Storage Capacity Measurement • • • Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes Megabyte (MB): one million bytes Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes 3 -11

Types of Semiconductor Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) – Most widely used primary Types of Semiconductor Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) – Most widely used primary storage medium – Volatile memory – Read/write memory • Read-Only Memory (ROM) – Permanent storage – Can be read, but not overwritten – Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process – Called firmware • Flash Drive 3 -12

RAID Storage • Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks – Arrays of hard disk drives RAID Storage • Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks – Arrays of hard disk drives – Virtually unlimited online storage – 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives in a single unit – Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks – Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacity – Storage area networks can interconnect many RAID units 3 -13

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) • One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) • One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies – System for tagging and identifying moving objects • Merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, pets – Tag 1 inch square – Chips half the size of a grain of sand • Passive chips derive power from reader signal • Active chips are self-powered • Privacy Issues 3 -14

Predictions for the Future • • • Biological memories Health remedies Longer life spans Predictions for the Future • • • Biological memories Health remedies Longer life spans Virtual activities Memory recall 3 -15