Chapter 27 AMERICA AND THE WORLD 1921 1945

Chapter 27 AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921– 1945

Failure of Treaty of Versailles Ú 1923 – German presses produced 400, 000, 000 marks/day Ú Loaf of bread cost 4 million marks Ú 1933 - Hitler came to power Ú 1922 - Mussolini came to power Ú 1930 s- militarists in power

Isolationism Ú U. S. refused to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace Ú U. S. never joined the League of Nations Ú Depression shifted focus to domestic affairs

FDR’s "Good Neighbor" Policy Ú Cooperation in trade Ú Renounced past imperialism

Nye Committee Ú 1935: Senator Gerald Nye led passage of neutrality legislation – U. S. trade/loans with nations at war prohibited Ú 1937 --Japan invaded China Ú FDR permitted sale of arms to China

War in Europe Ú FDR approved appeasement of Hitler Ú July, 1939: FDR attacked neutrality acts

The Road to War Ú U. S. remained at peace 1939– 1941 Ú Roosevelt openly expressed favor for Allies, moved cautiously to avoid outcry from isolationists Ú 1939– 1941: FDR sought help for England without actually entering the war

From Neutrality to Undeclared War Ú U. S. greatly increased military spending and began a first-ever peacetime draft Ú U. S. ships transported war supplies Ú Lend Lease aid to England Ú U. S. Navy told to shoot submarines on sight

The Election of 1940

Showdown in the Pacific Ú Japanese invasion of Indochina prompted U. S. to end all trade with Japan – Cut off steel, iron, oil

December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked Ú Dec. 8, 1941 – FDR addressed Congress – By that afternoon, Congress voted 388 -1 to declare war on Japan – Germany and Italy declared war on US Ú 2, 403 American deaths – 68 civilians – 1, 178 wounded – 1, 177 dead from USS Arizona alone

Wartime Partnerships Ú U. S. -English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill Ú Stalin + Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance – Perceived itself as alone in conflict

War in the Pacific Ú Two-pronged drive against Japan – Led by Mac. Arthur + Nimitz Ú A turning point: – June, 1942: Victory at Midway launched advance into Japanese-held territories – Japanese lost 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, 250 planes – Allies began island hopping- winning back territory island by island

War in the Pacific

World War II in the Pacific

The Election of 1944

War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy Ú Soviets did bulk of fighting against Germany – Over 10 million military deaths – Decided to control Eastern Europe to prevent another German attack Ú United Nations created

The Big 3 at Yalta

Important Conferences of the Big 3 Ú Tehran Conference (1943) – planned final strategy for war against Germany – Stalin wanted a second front opened in Western Europe Ú Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) – agreement let Soviets control elections in Eastern Europe in exchange for agreeing to declare war on Japan Ú Potsdam Conference (July 1945) – discussed establishment of post-war order, peace treaties, and effects of war, after V-E Day (May 8) – Truman attended instead of FDR

Victory Ú June 6, 1944: Normandy Invasion (D- Day) Ú May 8, 1945: Unconditional German surrender (V-E Day) Ú Manhattan Project – August 6: Atom bomb destroyed Hiroshima – August 9: Atom bomb destroyed Nagasaki Ú August 14: Japan surrendered (V-J Day)

Invasion on the Beaches of Normandy

World War II in Europe and North Africa

Japanese Internment

The Home Front Ú War ended depression Ú Economy geared for military output Ú Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production Ú Women moved into the workplace Ú Scarce goods rationed Ú Rosie the Riveter – image used to attract women to wartime work force

Rationing Ú = fixed allotments of goods deemed essential for military Ú Meant to distribute scarce items fairly Ú Households received ration books w/ coupons to buy meat, shoes, sugar, gas, etc.