Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins Out

Chapter 26 – The Cold War Begins Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A family inside “Kidde Kokoon, ” an underground bomb shelter Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Global Insecurities • After WW II: § Belief that the world needed an international interdependence § Many Americans believed that prospects for peace rested mainly on Soviet-American harmony. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Financing the Future • Fears of the return of depression led the United States to pursue foreign trade, support the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and promote economic growth and capitalism. • The Soviet Union refused to accept World Bank and IMF aid for fear of becoming an economic colony of the West. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Division of Europe • At the Potsdam Conference, Truman and Great Britain found little ground for agreement with Stalin. • Wartime Allied cooperation had ended. • Disagreements over the future of Germany led to competing zones of occupation, leading to new tensions. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Division of Germany Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Hopes for Collective Security • The Allies created the United Nations: § A world organization that would mediate disputes between members and impede aggressors § The U. S. , U. S. S. R, France, Britain and China, as permanent members of the Security Council, all had veto power over proposals Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Iron Curtain • In March 1946, in a speech delivered in Fulton, Missouri, former British PM Winston Churchill declared that “an iron curtain has descended across the [European] continent. ” Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Policy of Containment • He called directly upon the United States, standing “at this time at the pinnacle of world power, ” to recognize its “awe-inspiring accountability to the future” and, in alliance with Great Britain, to act aggressively to turn back Soviet expansion • Thus was born the policy of containment Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Truman Doctrine • Truman was committed to a get-tough policy with the Soviets: § When civil war threatened the governments in Turkey and Greece, the U. S. provided $400 million to defeat the communist rebels § The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to a policy of trying to contain communism Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Marshall Plan • • Provided aid to rebuild Europe Revitalized their capitalist economy Secured markets for American goods Although successful in Western Europe, Stalin refused to participate, driving a further wedge between the West and the Soviet Union Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Success! Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Berlin Crisis • Stalin saw the economic merger of the western zones of Germany as a direct threat • When the Soviets cut off access to West Berlin, the U. S. airlifted supplies to the starving city Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Divided Europe • The United States also created an alliance of anti. Soviet nations known as NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) • “An attack on one would be an attack on all” • The Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

MAP 26. 1 Divided Europe Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Atomic Diplomacy • Containing communism rested on U. S. ability to stop its expansion by military means • After the Soviets developed nuclear weapons, both sides amassed lethal stockpiles of hydrogen bombs Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cold War Liberalism • Truman became America’s first “Cold Warrior”: § Truman set out to enlarge the New Deal but settled on a modest domestic agenda to promote social welfare and an anti-isolationist, anti-Communist foreign policy, what became known as “Cold War liberalism. ” Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“To Err Is Truman” • The early years of the Truman presidency were plagued by protests, hurt his popularity § Americans tired of wartime sacrifices (rationing) § An inability to bring troops home quickly § Republicans in Congress blocked proposals to revive the New Deal Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 1948 Election • Civil rights becomes an election issue with segregationists • Chicago Daily Tribune confidently & mistakenly predicts the victory of Republican candidate, Thomas E. Dewey • Truman made a whistle-stop tour of the country by train • Wins re-election with 49. 5 percent of the popular vote to Dewey’s 45. 1 percent Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

MAP 26. 2 The Election of 1948 Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Fair Deal • 1949: Truman’s Fair Deal • Truman won some gains in public housing, minimum wage and Social Security increases, but little else from an increasingly conservative Congress. • Truman helped to define cold war liberalism as promoting economic growth through increased foreign trade and defense spending. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Cold War at Home • “Communists. . . are everywhere—in factories, offices, butcher shops, on street corners, in private businesses, . . . plotting to destroy the liberties of every citizen, ” Attorney General J. Howard Mc. Grath warned in 1949. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover warned against “the diabolic machinations of sinister figures engaged in un-American activities. ” Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The National Security Act of 1947 • A massive reordering of governmental power • National Security Act of 1947 § Defense Department, a huge and powerful bureaucracy. § National Science Foundation pursued scientific research, especially related to physics. § The CIA (Spy vs. Spy) Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Second Red Scare • The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) § investigations into communist influence in Hollywood § Many people gave names of suspect former friends (blacklisting them) to clear themselves § A few witnesses attacked HUAC & a handful went to prison for contempt of Congress. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spy Cases • Former State Department advisor Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy, went to jail for perjury. • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed as Soviet spies in the atomic bomb program despite worldwide protests Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mc. Carthyism • Sen. Joseph Mc. Carthy: § Charged that 205 communists worked for the State Department. § Despite a lack of evidence, he struck a chord with many Americans. § His crusade was destroyed when he went on national TV and appeared deranged, making wild charges of communist infiltration of the Army. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cold War Culture • The Cold War did not necessarily depend on military confrontation; it was a contest of values: Americans needed both to contain communism as well as rededicate themselves to their birthright values of freedom and democracy. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“The American Way” • Following WW II, the American Way became a popular theme of public celebrations and patriotic messages spread through public education. • Housing sprawl, new highway systems, increased consumer spending, new automobiles, new clothing fashions, music etc. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

An Anxious Mood • Prosperity did not dispel American anxiety over nuclear war and economic depression. • Cold War themes influenced popular culture (movies, books etc. ) • Even the UFO scare reflected public fears. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Democratizing Japan and “Losing” China • The United States achieved its greatest Asian success in Japan through reforms which brought an unprecedented degree of democracy • In China, Mao Zedong’s communist revolution overthrew the corrupt, pro-American regime • The Truman administration was saddled with the blame for having “lost” China Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Korean War • North Koreans attempted a forced reunification of the peninsula. • Truman called it an act of Soviet aggression, felt compelled to act. • Criticized for bypassing Congress, Truman explained that his authority came from NSC-68, a National Security Council bylaw that allowed him to send troops as part of a multinational force. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Korean War • American forces, commanded by Douglas Mac. Arthur, first pushed North Koreans back to their side of the dividing line and then went farther north. • China enters the war & pushes the U. N. forces back until a costly stalemate settled in. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Korean War Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Price of National Security • The military stalemate: § Left many Americans disillusioned with the promise of easy victories. § Estimates run as high as 6 million for the number of civilian refugees during the war. § Korea was devastated. § The war expanded the containment principle far beyond Europe. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

“I Like Ike”: The Election of 1952 • The Korean War effectively ruined Truman’s presidency • Truman decides not to run for re-election, the Democratic Party turned to Adlai Stevenson. • Dwight Eisenhower effectively used the peace issue, pledging to go to Korea to settle the war. • Republicans won control of the White House and Congress. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Conclusion • Truman left office with the shadow of the Cold War hanging over the nation and his presidency. While Eisenhower would do little to reverse the tide of the Cold War, the worst of the nightmare seemed to be over, and Americans were prepared to move forward, however cautiously hoping for relative peace and prosperity in an age of continued anxiety. Out of Many: A History of the American People, Seventh Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.