CHAPTER 25 Land Empires in the Age of

CHAPTER 25 Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism 1800– 1870

The Ottoman Empire

Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798– 1840 l In 1798, Napoleon invades Egypt l He defeates the Mamluk forces l Fifteen months later Napoleon returned to France and made himself emperor

l in 1801, his Generals agreed to withdraw. l Muhammad Ali emerged as the leader l Muhammad Ali used many French practices in effort to build up the new Egyptian state

Muhammad Ali

l He established schools to improve military l In the 1830 s his son Ibrahim invaded Syria and starts reforms there l European military pressure forced Muhammad Ali to withdraw in 1841 to the present day borders of Egypt and Israel

Westernizing schools

Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807 -1853 l At the end of the eighteenth century Sultan Selim III introduced reforms for military, the central government, to standardize taxation, and grant land tenure. l These reforms aroused the opposition of Janissaries, noblemen, and the ulama

l Tension between the Sultanate and the Janissaries sparked a Janissary revolt in Serbia in 1805. l Serbian peasants helped to defeat the Janissary uprising and went on to make Serbia independent of the Ottoman Empire

l Selim suspended his reform program in 1806 l In Istanbul, Selim was captured and executed before reform forces could retake the capital

l The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829.

Crimean War, the Combatants Russian Empire: l Ottoman Empire: 700, 000 troops 300, 000 troops l Bulgarian legion: 7000 l British Empire: troops 250, 000 troops l French Empire: 400, 000 troops l Kingdom of Sardinia. Piedmont: 30, 000 troops l Total: 980, 000 troops l

Ottoman Empire

Ottoman Empire: “Sick Man of Europe”

Outbreak of war l 1849: Louis Napoleon elected President of France l 1851: Louis made himself Napoleon III l 1852: France seized control of the Holy Places l 2 July 1853: Russian forces occupied Wallachia and Moldova l 3 October 1853: Encouraged by British and French, Sultan Abdülmecid I declared war on Russia.

l January 1853: Nicholas to British Ambassador Seymour: “We have a sick man on our hands, a man gravely ill, it will be a great misfortune if one of these days he slips through our hands, especially before the necessary arrangements are made. ”

Crimean War March 28, 1854: Britain and France declared war on Russia § Crimean Peninsula § Sevastopol §

Map of Crimean War, 1853 -1856

Battle of Sinope (November 30, 1853) shell-firing artillery guns

Battle of Sinope (3000 Ottoman soldiers killed)

Battle of Balaklava (October 1854) Charge of the Light Brigade Lord Alfred Tennyson (1809 -1892; poem 1880)

l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=uz. COL 6 ewp. Pw

Florence Nightingale (1820 -1910)

November 1854: Nightingale and nurses arrived at Scutari

Endgame § § March 2, 1855: Nicholas I died Alexander II vowed change Armistice signed on 29 February 1856 Treaty of Paris 30 March 1856:

Death toll Europeans/ Ottomans: l 374, 600 total dead l Turks: total dead and wounded: 200, 000 est. total dead est. 50, 000 l French: 100, 000, of which 10, 240 killed in action; 20, 000 died of wounds; ca 70, 000 died of disease l British: 2, 755 killed in action; 2, 019 died of wounds; 16, 323 died of disease l Sardinians-Italians: 2, 050 died from all causes Russians: l (estimates vary): l High: ca 522, 000 killed, wounded and died of disease l Medium: 256, 000 killed, wounded and died of disease, of which dead 60, 000 to 110, 000 l Low: ca 143, 000 dead and 81, 000 injured, of which 25, 000 killed in action; 16, 000 died of wounds; 89, 000 died of disease

The Russian Empire

Russia and Europe l In 1700 three percent of Russia lived in cities l Russia was slow to acquire a modern infrastructure and transportation l While Russia aspired to Western-style economic development, fear of political change prevented real progress

l Russia had more in common with Europe than the Ottoman Empire l Slavophiles (intellectuals) and Westernizers debated the proper course for Russian development l Europe was counterbalanced by a powerful sense of Russophobia in the west

Russia and Asia l The Russian Empire had reached the Pacific Ocean and the borders of China. l In the nineteenth century, Russian expansion continued to the South, bringing Russia into conflict with China, Japan, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire

Cultural Trends l Russia had contact with Europe since the 17 th century l The reforms of Tsar Alexander I were never implemented l Opposition to reform came from wealthy families

l The Decemberist revolt was carried out by a group of reform-minded military officers upon the death of Alexander I. l Heavy penalties were imposed on Russia in the treaty that ended the Crimean War.

l Under Alexander II, reforms and cultural trends were encouraged and expanded l The nineteenth century saw numerous Russian scholarly and scientific achievements

The Qing Empire

Economic and Social Disorder, 1800– 1839 l When the Qing conquered China in the 1600 s they restored peace and stability l This would lay the foundation for the doubling of the Chinese population between 1650 and 1800. l By 1800, population pressure was causing environmental damage

l There were a number of sources of discontent in Qing China. l Various minority peoples had been driven off their land l Discontent was manifest in a series of internal rebellions in the nineteenth century, beginning with the White Lotus rebellion (1794– 1804).

Opium Wars (1839 -42, 1856 -60) Who participated? l What was the cause? l What was the outcome? l

French cartoon, late 1890 s While a Mandarin official helplessly looks on, "China" as a pie is about to be "carved up" by: - Queen Victoria (GB) - Wilhelm II (Germany) - Nicholas II (Russia) - Marieanne (France) - Meiji Emperor (Japan)

Britain’s Solution to get trade with the Chinese: Sell Opium! l Opium l Highly addictive drug derived from the poppy plant British grew opium in colonial India l Use and sale of opium was illegal in China (and in Britain!) l

The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839– 1850 l The Qing did not at first pay much attention to trade issues or to the growth in the opium trade. l In 1839, when the Qing government realized the harm being done by the opium trade l They decided to ban the use and import of opium

The Opium Trade l l British began to forge links with Chinese opium dealers Started to illegally trade opium for Chinese goods By 1820, 80% of all people living in Canton were addicted to opium Britain essentially was a huge international drug dealer

• Chinese silver was used to buy opium, and the Chinese government was fearful of a trade imbalance. • China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not comply. This led to the Opium Wars. Opium dens, 1850 Chinese receiving opium from Patna, British India

Empress Dowager Ci Xi worked with her government officials to fight against the British in the First Opium War, 49 from 1839 -1842. 3/16/2018

Opium War l Chinese emperor asks Queen Victoria to stop the opium trade/unanswered l China destroys millions of dollars of opium l China no match for modern weaponry and equipment.

The Opium Wars Chinese government ordered British merchants to surrender all opium cargo to government officials l Britain agreed, but rather than hand it over directly to the Chinese government, the merchants gave their opium to British naval officers in Canton harbor l This made the opium the property of the British government l When Chinese officials seized it and drowned 20, 000 chests of opium, Britain said they had committed an act of war l

The Opium Wars l War between Britain and China 1839 -1842 British called it the “Trade War” l Chinese called it the “Opium War” l l Chinese were no match for the British navy and were defeated, despite much fighting

Treaty of Nanjing l China paid Britain’s war costs l Opened five ports to trade l Extraterritoriality l Britain received the island of Hong Kong l Sometimes called the first of the Unequal treaties l Western powers carved out spheres of influence (exclusive trading privileges) 53

l http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=qh. Ctg o. OGuwg

Taiping Rebellion (1850 -1864) l Causes: l Hong’s vision l Poverty of peasants l Poor gov’t: high taxes, poor gov’t services l Goal: Overthrow the Manchus l Outcome: rebellion crushed

Leader: Hong Xiuquan A middle class Hakka Chinese • Failed competitive test to enter the civil service for a 3 rd time in 1836 • Had a nervous breakdown accompanied by visions •

Vision I l An old man tells Hong that men are worshipping demons instead of him. l Hong believes this is God the Father

Vision II l He sees Confucius being tortured for his lack of faith in God.

Vision III l Hong is carried to Heaven by angels. l A man with a long golden beard in black robe embroidered with dragons gives him a sword and a magic seal and tells him to purify China of demons. l He believes this was his older brother Jesus. l His family claims that after this he became taller and filled with authority.

Vision IV l An old woman washes the filth of the world from his body. l A group of old men remove his internal organs and replace them with new heavenly organs.

The God Worshippers l Converts many of the poor Hakka charcoal burners in Guangxi l He and his growing cult engage in iconoclasm throughout the region l He translates the Bible and gains more followers l By 1850 he has over 30, 000 followers and war begins.

Reforms of the “Heavenly Kingdom” l Women equal to men (no foot binding; women can serve in govt & army) l Property held in common l No opium, tobacco, alcohol, polygamy, gambling, prostitution

At their height Taipings control ¼ China, 600 major cities • Huge armies threaten to end the Qing Dynasty •

l The Qing were finally able to defeat the Taiping with help from military forces organized by provincial governors like Zeng Guofan and with the assistance of British and French forces

Poem about the Taiping Rebellion l Bitterly, bitterly, The years creep slowly past. l But when the Talpings come, Life will be good at last. l The land will be divided, And contracts strewn on the roads. l All people will be equal. l There will be no rich households.

l l The Taiping Rebellion was one of the world’s bloodiest civil wars The results of the Taiping Rebellion included 20 to 30 million deaths, depopulation and destruction of rich agricultural lands

Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864 – 1875 l The Qing could not get out of debt. l With the Qing government so deeply in their debt, Britain and France became active participants in the period of recovery known as the Tongzhi Restoration that followed the Taiping Rebellion

The real work of recovery was managed by provincial governors like Zeng Guofan, who looked to the United States as his model l The reform programs were supported by a coalition of Qing aristocrats including the Empress Dowager Cixi, l They were unable to prevent the Qing Empire from disintegrating into a set of large power zones in which provincial governors exercised real authority l