Chapter 23 Pest Management Pesticides — DDT —

Chapter 23 Pest Management Pesticides - DDT - Rachel Carson - Silent Spring You. Tube

Pests Any organism that interferes in some way with human welfare or activities

PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENT Ø Organisms found in nature (such as spiders) control populations of most pest species as part of the earth’s free ecological services. Figure 13 -27

PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENT Ø We use chemicals to repel or kill pest organisms as plants have done for millions of years. Ø Chemists have developed hundreds of chemicals (pesticides) that can kill or repel pests. l l Pesticides vary in their persistence. Each year > 250, 000 people in the U. S. become ill from household pesticides.

PROTECTING FOOD RESOURCES: PEST MANAGEMENT Ø Advantages and disadvantages of conventional chemical pesticides. Figure 13 -28

Classification of Pesticides ØHerbicides: A toxic chemical that kills plants ØInsecticides: A toxic chemical that kills insects

Classification of Pesticides ØRodenticides: A toxic chemical that kills rodents ØFungicides: A toxic chemical that kills fungi

Classification of Pesticides Ø Nematicides: A toxic chemical that kills nematodes (roundworms) Ø Algaecides: A toxic chemical that kills algae

Classification of Pesticides ØBactericides: A toxic chemical that kills bacteria ØA toxic chemical that kills fish (unwanted species)

Hard/Persistent Pesticides Ø Composed of compounds that retain their toxicity for long periods of time. Ø They work their way up the food chain through animals and may accumulate in their fatty tissues and stay indefinitely. Examples DDT and many other chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Soft Pesticides Ø Reduced-risk pesticides. They are short-term and don’t harm the environment or man. Examples soaps, oils, plant extracts, baking soda, and dish liquid.

Chemical Classes of Pesticides

Organochlorines (chlorides) Ø Hard/persistent Ø Toxic in the long term Ø Not very toxic in the short-term Ø Ex. DDT

Organophosphates Ø Soft/not persistent Ø Ø Highly toxic in the short term Ø They require very specific safety equipment for application. Ø Ex. Parathion --- insecticide

Carbamates Ø Soft/not persistent Ø Not as toxic as the other two Ø Most of the over-the-counter pesticides. Ø Ex. Sevin Dust

Historical Use of Pesticides Ø Natural Pesticides – pyrethrins (from chrysanthemums); sulfur and garlic Ø Synthetic Pesticides – Used during and after WWII and today.

Benefits of Pesticide Usage

Disease Control Ø Save human lives Ø Prevent insect-transmitted diseases, such as malaria (mosquito), bubonic plague (rat fleas), typhus (body lice & fleas), & sleeping sickness (tsetse fly).

Food Production Ø Increase food supplies and lower food costs. Ø About 55% of the world’s food supply is lost to pests before (35%) and after (20%) harvest. Ø These losses would be worse and food prices would rise.

Fiber Production Ø Protect crops such as cotton Ø Kills pests like the cotton boll weevil.

Efficiency When Compared to Alternatives Ø Pesticides control most pests quickly and at a reasonable cost. Ø They have a long shelf life Ø Easily shipped and applied Ø Are safe when handled properly. Ø When genetic resistance occurs, farmers can use stronger doses or switch to other pesticides. Ø Proponents feel they are safer than the alternative

Development of Safer Pesticides Ø Examples include botanicals and micro- botanicals Ø Safer to users and less damaging to the environment. Ø Genetic engineering holds promise in developing pest-resistant crop strains. Ø It is very expensive to develop these, so they are only doing it for large-market crops like wheat, corn, and soybeans.

Problems Associated with Pesticide Usage

Impact on Non-target Organisms Ø Pesticides don’t stay put. Ø The USDA says that only 2% of the insecticides from aerial or ground spraying actually reaches the target pests Ø Only 5% of herbicides applied to crops reaches the target weeds. Ø They end up in the environment

Superbugs Ø Genetic resistance to pesticides. Ø Insects breed rapidly; within 5 -10 years (sooner in tropics) they can develop immunity to pesticides and come back stronger than before. Ø Weeds and plant-disease organisms also become resistant. Ø At least 17 insect pest species are resistant to all major classes of insecticides

Superpests Ø Superpests are resistant to pesticides. Ø Superpests like the silver whitefly (left) challenge farmers as they cause > $200 million per year in U. S. crop losses. Figure 13 -29

Persistence Ø Many pesticides stay in the environment for a very long time. Ex. DDT

Bioaccumulation Ø Increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs or tissues at a level higher than normal. Ø Stored in body fat and can be passed along to offspring. Ø Usually a concern to organisms higher on the food chain.

Formation of New Pests Ø Turning of minor pest into major pests. Ø The natural predators, parasites, & competitors of a pest may be killed by a pesticide it allows the pest population to rebound. Ø EX. DDT to control insect pests on lemon trees caused an outbreak of a scale insect (a sucking insect that attacks plants) that had not been a problem.

Food/Water Contamination Ø Pesticides run off into our water as we spray for bugs & stay on our food.

Pesticide Poisoning Ø Short-term exposure to high levels of pesticides can result in harm to organs and even death Ø Long-term exposure to lower levels of pesticides can cause cancer. Ø Children are at a greater risk than adults.

Pesticide Poisoning Ø Nausea, vomiting, and headaches. Ø Can result in damage to the nervous system & other body organs. The W. H. O. estimates that more than 3 million people are poisoned by pesticides each year, & about 220, 000 die.

National Cancer Institute Ø Pesticides have been shown to cause lymphomas, leukemia, brain, lung, and testicular cancers. Ø The issue of whether certain pesticides cause breast cancer remains unresolved Ø Researchers have noted a correlation between a high level of pesticides in the breast's fatty tissue and cancer.

How Pesticides Function

LD-50 (Median Lethal Dose) Ø The LD-50 is the amount of pesticide it will take, in one dose, to kill ½ of all the target organisms. Ø It is usually referring to rats & mice in a laboratory experiment.

Nervous System Ø Some interfere with the nervous system, cause uncontrollable muscle twitching or paralysis. Ø Some are nervous system poisons. Ex. Spectracide, Nicotine, DDT, Dursban, & Diazinon.

Photosynthesis Ø Some pesticides inhibit photosynthesis and prevent chlorophyll formation. Ø Ex. Stampede, Pyrazon.

Smothering Ø The vapors kill the pest by suffocating the animal. Soap can smother soft bodies of insects. Ø Ex. flea collars, pest strip, and soap.

Dehydration Ø Dehydration uses the fossilized remains of tiny, one-celled organisms called diatoms. Ø It kills insects by scratching their wax outer covering and causing them to dehydrate. This is a soft pesticide.

Inhibition of Blood Clotting Ø Other types of pesticides cause animals (especially rats) to bleed to death by preventing their blood from clotting.

The ideal Pesticide and the Nightmare Insect Pest Ø The ideal pest-killing chemical has these qualities: l l Kill only target pest. Not cause genetic resistance in the target organism. Disappear or break down into harmless chemicals after doing its job. Be more cost-effective than doing nothing.

Pesticides and the Law EPA Ø The EPA & USDA are responsible for the overseeing the laws.

Research Ø Pesticide companies must use 3 methods to determine pesticides health threats: l l l Case Reports – (made to physicians) about people suffering from adverse health effects Laboratory Investigations – (usually on animals) to determine toxicity, residence time, what parts of the body are affected and how the harm takes place. Epidemiology – (in populations of humans exposed) used to find why some people get sick while others do not

Days to Harvest Ø The last day you can spray crops before you harvest them for human consumption.

Restrictions Ø The EPA sets a tolerance level specifying the amount of toxic pesticide residue that can legally remain on the crop when the consumer eats it.

FFDCA Ø Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Ø Strengthened in 1996 Ø Sets pesticide tolerance levels

Label Requirements l l l l the brand name the ingredient statement the percentage or amount of active ingredient(s) by weight the net contents of the container the name and address of the manufacturer Registration and establishment numbers Signal words and symbols Precautionary statement Statement of practical treatment Environmental hazard statement Classification statement Directions for use Re-entry statement Harvesting and/or grazing restrictions Storage and disposal statement.

FIFRA Ø The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act Ø It was first established in 1947 & revised as recently as 1996. Ø States what must be on a pesticide label & requires registration of all pesticides.

FQPA Ø Food Quality Protection Act Ø Established in 1996 Ø Amends both FIFRA and FFDCA.

Pesticide Protection Laws in the U. S. Ø Government regulation has banned a number of harmful pesticides but some scientists call for strengthening pesticide laws. l l The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate the sales of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA). The EPA has only evaluated the health effects of 10% of the active ingredients of all pesticides. Risk & Decision

Individuals Matter: Rachel Carson Ø Wrote Silent Spring which introduced the U. S. to the dangers of the pesticide DDT and related compounds to the environment. Figure 13 -A

Silent Spring Ø Silent Spring heightened public awareness and concern about the dangers of uncontrolled use of DDT and other pesticides, including poisoning wildlife and contaminating human food supplies.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) IPM

Case Study: Integrated Pest Management: A Component of Sustainable Agriculture Ø An ecological approach to pest control uses a mix of cultivation and biological methods, and small amounts of selected chemical pesticides as a last resort. l Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Other Ways to Control Pests Ø There are cultivation, biological, and ecological alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides. l l l Fool the pest through cultivation practices. Provide homes for the pest enemies. Implant genetic resistance. Bring in natural enemies. Use pheromones to lure pests into traps. Use hormones to disrupt life cycles.

Cultural Methods

Physical Ø This includes rotating between different crops, selecting pest-resistant varieties, planting pest-free rootstock, and vacuuming up harmful bugs.

Traditional “Eco. Farmer” Ø Each crop is evaluated as parts of an ecological system. Ø A control program is developed that includes a mix of cultivation, biological, and chemical methods applied in proper sequence with the proper timing.

Biological Methods

Other Ways to Control Pests Ø Biological pest control: Wasp parasitizing a gypsy moth caterpillar. Figure 13 -31

Predators/Parasites Ø Using natural predators & parasites to control population of pests.

Diseases Ø Using disease organisms (bacteria and viruses) to control pests.

Natural Repellants Ø Garlic, sulfur, pyrethrins (from chrysanthemums) to help control pests.

Type of Crops Ø Switching from vulnerable monocultures to intercroping, agroforestry, and polyculture, which use plant diversity to reduce losses to pests.

Photodegradable Plastics Ø Using plastic that degrades slowly in sunlight to keep weeds from sprouting between crops.

Pheromones Ø Synthesized bug sex attractant used to lure pests into traps or attract their predators.

Genetic Methods

Other Ways to Control Pests Ø Genetic engineering can be used to develop pest and disease resistant crop strains. Both tomato plants were exposed to destructive caterpillars. The genetically altered plant (right) shows little damage. Figure 13 -32

Resistant Crops Ø Plants and animals that are resistant to certain pest insects, fungi, and diseases can be developed. Ø This can take 10 to 20 years. Ø Genetic engineering is now helping to speed up this process through the development of transgenic crops.

Sterilization Ø Males of some insect species can be raised in the laboratory, sterilized by radiation or chemicals, and released into an infested area to mate unsuccessfully with fertile wild females. Ø Males are sterilized rather than females because the male insects mate several times, whereas the females only mate once.

What Can You Do? Reducing Exposure to Pesticides • Grow some of your food using organic methods. • Buy organic food. • Wash and scrub all fresh fruits, vegetables, and wild foods you pick. • Eat less or no meat. • Trim the fat from meat. Fig. 13 -30, p. 299