Chapter 22 The Progressive Era Who were

Chapter 22 The Progressive Era

Who were the Progressives? • New Middle Class of young professionals • Apply principles of professions to problems of society • Volunteer organizations • Never fully united/often contradictory • Mainly urban • Hofstadter’s theory: “status revolution”

Muckrakers • Henry Demarest Lloyd and Ida Tarbell, exposed Standard Oil • Lincoln Steffens, “The Shame of the Cities, ” attacked political machines

The Progressive Mind • Arouse “conscious of the people” • “laissez faire is obsolete” • Paternalistic, oversimplified issues • Often at war with themselves

Progressive Artists • Sloan, Henri, Luks: “ashcan artists” • Felt they were “rebels” • Angry when European artists like Matisse and Picasso got all the glory! • Henri’s Gypsy Girl

“Radical” Progressives • Eugene Debs and Socialists • IWW and Bill Haywood • Freud • “Bohemian thinkers” like Duncan, Stiglietz, Dell, O’Neill

Margaret Sanger • Militant campaigner for birth control • Mother’s 18 pregnancies and 11 live births • Arrested for violating “postal indecency” laws • American Birth Control League (in 1942 becomes Planned Parenthood)

Writers • Ezra Pound • Carl Sandburg

Cities First: Reform! • Abe Ruef in San Francisco, p. 577 • Toledo Mayor Samuel “Golden Rule” Jones • Mayor Tom Johnson (Cleveland), Seth Low and John P. Mitchell (New York), Hazen Pingree (Detroit) • City manager system starts in Dayton • “gas and water socialism”

State Reform: Wisconsin Leads the Way • Bob Lafollette and WISCONSIN IDEA • Direct primary, limit campaign contributions • Commissions and agencies • Oregon experiments with initiative and referendum

State Social Legislation • Role of 14 th Amendment in striking down progressive laws? • Lochner v. NY, Hammer v. Dagenhart, Adkins v. Children’s Hospital • 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire disaster

Consumer’s League • “investigate, agitate, legislate” • Louis Brandeis and “Brandeis Brief, ” based on evidence!

Women’s Suffrage • Failures of 14 th and 15 th Amendment • American Women’s Suffrage Association • National Women’s Suffrage Association – E. C. Stanton, S. B. Anthony • “Victorian ideals”

National American Women’s Suffrage Association • Stanton and Anthony, later Carrie Chapman Catt • More radical Congressional Union – Alice Paul, Alva Belmont – Pickets White house

Political Reform • 16 th Amendment • 17 th Amendment • Reforms in House of Reps – “Czar” Tom Reed

TR: “Cowboy in the White House” • His background • Alarmed conservatives! • ICC, Newlands Act, Dept. of Commerce and Bureau of Corps, Elkins RR Act • Needed EFFECTIVE regulation—not afraid to DO IT!

Roosevelt takes on Big Business • Northern Securities: JP Morgan tries to stop him! • 1902 Coal Strike: he organizes mediation • Evolution of Modern Presidency!