Chapter 2 History When did

Chapter 2 History

• When did the recorded history of Britain begin? • Who successfully invaded Britain? • Where did the name “Britain” come from?

I. The Founding of the Nation • • 55 BC: Julius Caesar 43 BC: Claudius I Ruled by the Romans Roman period: 43 BC --- 5 th century

Anglo-Saxon period: 5 th---1066 • Why did the Romans leave England? • Who were the rulers in the Anglo-Saxon period? • What was the dominant language at that time?

• Religion 1. Who was sent to Britain to convert the Anglo-Saxons? 2. What was the dominant religion in Britain during the Anglo-Saxon period? • Fight for territory between the Vikings and the Anglo. Saxons 1. Who was Alfred the Great? 2. Why was he entitled “Great”? 3. Why was King Edward entitled “Confessor”?

Anglo-Saxon period: 5 th---1066 • Religion: (conversion) – St. Augustine: first Archbishop of Canterbury in 601 – Roman Christianity • Fight for territory between the Vikings and the Anglo-Saxons: – Alfred the Great: united

Anglo-Saxon period: 5 th---1066 • Edward the Confessor: – A pious Christian: built Westminster Abbey – Died without an heir

Norman Period: 1066 ---1154 • What is the significance of “Norman Conquest”? • Norman Conquest: – Establishment of feudalism in England • Years of battles: 1087 ---1154 • Who won the battles and which monarch started to rule England?

House of Plantagenet : 1154 ---1485 • House of Anjou/Plantagenet (1154 -1485): – Henry II: father of common law/jury system – King John: Magna Carta • Law: not the will of the king, but an independent power • Foundation of British constitutionalism • Protection of individual rights – Henry III • When the House of Commons and the House of Lords were created.

Magna Carta (1215) • Progressive significances: – Protection of individual rights – Merchants and craftsmen as political force – Standardization of measurement – Freedom of trade and self-government of the townspeople

• Simon de Montfort: – Provision of Oxford to limit the King’s power by calling regular meetings of a 15 menber baronial council – Provision of Westminster – Included commoners – Parliament emerged

House of Plantagenet: 1154 ---1485 • The Hundred Years’ War (1337 ---1453) • Who fought during the war? • Which party won the war? – Between England France – England lost. France won. • Impacts: – – English nationalism Textile industry Bourgeois class Decline of feudalism

House of Plantagenet: 1154 ---1485 • The Wars of Roses (1455 ---1485) • Who fought during the war? • Which party won the war? – Between two noble families in England – Henry VII (House of Lancaster) won

House of Tudor: 1485 ---1603 (II. Transition to the Modern Age) • Religious reformation • Who wanted to convert the dominant religion? • Why there was a hatred towards Roman Pope? – Roman Catholic Church v. s. absolute monarchy of the King of England – King Henry VIII – Queen Elizabeth I • Make compromises • Consolidate the power of England

House of Stuart: 1603 ---1714 Civil War • • Who: When: Where: Why: • How: • • Cavaliers v. s. Roundheads 1642 England Monopolies on certain commodities; Parliament dissolved by King Charles I • Monarchy abolished, England a republic (1649)

House of Stuart: 1603 ---1714 • What is so glorious about the “Glorious” Revolution? • What is the significance of Bill of Rights? • No blood was shed. • Constitutional monarchy

• Industrial Revolution: – Reasons • Market; Money; Manpower – Inventions: • Spinning Jenny; Steam engine – Results: • Industrial productivity increased • Mass urbanization • Changes in class structure (Capitalist class)

III. The Rise and Fall of the British Empire • Early colonies • The Victorian Age (1837 ---1901) – Further industrialization – New Imperialism – Colonies in Asia and Africa – Four self-governing dominions

Britain in the World Wars • What do you know about the world wars? • Why were they called the “world” wars?

• • Who: When: Where: Why: World War I The Central Powers v. s. the Allied Powers June 28, 1914 Sarajevo Austrian Archduke’s assassination Power balance; interest conflict; colonial rivalry • How: To Britain: manpower drained; ships sunk; sea supremacy lost; national debt; slack business

• • • Who: When: Where: Why: How: World War II Axis v. s. the Allies Sep. 1, 1939 ---1945 Poland Germany wanted its position back Power lost forever: people killed; navy smaller; reserves exhausted; deeply in debt to the U. S.

The Fall of the Empire • Independence Movement • British Empire • British Commonwealth of Nations

Britain Since WWII • Foreign policy: “Three Majestic Circles”: – Commonwealth circle – Special relationship with the U. S. – Close relationship with Western Europe