CHAPTER 18 RECONSTRUCTION 1865 - 1877
Problems to solve n The South was in economic and social chaos.
Problems to solve n Americans disagreed on how to reinstate the Confederate states to the Union
Problems to solve n People disagreed on what to do with the millions of freed slaves.
Lincoln’s Plans: n n 1. Amnesty for all southerners who swore loyalty to the Union 2. Recognition of state governments under two conditions The states had to accept the emancipation of slaves At least 10% of the voters had to make a loyalty oath
Here’s what really happened. . . n n n Black Codes Slavery was abolished but. . . Southern states passed laws that kept Blacks from: Voting Testifying against whites Joining the militia
Andrew Johnson n Becomes President after Lincoln’s assassination. Tries to follow Lincoln’s plan for leniency. Mistrusted because he was a Democrat, less able to compromise
Radical Reconstruction n Radical Republicans required each state to ratify the 14 th Amendment (1868) Only Tennessee did => divided the South (except TN) into 5 military districts. The last of the Confederate states were readmitted by 1870.
Carpetbaggers and Scalawags n n n Carpetbaggers => Northerners who went South during Reconstruction Some went to help, others for political/economic gain Scalawag => Means rascal, refers to Southerners who supported Radical Republicans’ plans for Reconstruction
African American Officeholders n n Between 1869 and 1876, 14 Black men served in the House, 2 in the Senate Over 600 served in state legislatures Hiram Revels, first Black Senator in the U. S.
The Ku Klux Klan n Formed in Pulaski, TN by Nathan Bedford Forrest and other Confederates White sheets => claimed to be ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers Believed in White supremacy and used terrorism to oppress Blacks
Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment n n n Tenure of Office Act (1867) President must get Congressional approval to fire a cabinet member Johnson tested the law’s Constitutionality by firing Sec. of War Edwin Stanton House accused Johnson of “high crimes and misdemeanors” and voted to impeach him. Senate held a trial and was one vote short of the 2/3 majority needed. Johnson finished his term politically crippled and was succeeded by U. S. Grant.
Reconstruction – Amendments and Laws n 13 th Amendment (Dec. 1865) Freed slaves everywhere in the country
Freedmen's Bureau n n n Established by law Helped former slaves & the poor Provided for basic needs Built schools and hospitals Often corrupt Very unpopular in the South amongst Whites
Civil Rights Act of 1866 n Declared that all persons born in the United States were citizens.
14 th Amendment (1868) n n n Made all former slaves U. S. citizens Still used today to protect other groups Says all citizens get “equal protection under the law”
15 th Amendment (1870) n Gave all former slaves the right to vote
Force Acts of 1870 and 1871 n Protected African Americans from acts of terror
Jim Crow Laws n Segregated schools, restaurants, drinking fountains, etc.
Civil Rights Act of 1875 n n Aimed at ending Jim Crow Laws Overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883.
Compromise of 1877 n n n Election of 1876 = a tie Bargain: Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) becomes President All federal troops leave the south End of Reconstruction!
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