Chapter 17 PROGRESSIVISM 17 1

Chapter 17 PROGRESSIVISM

17. 1 - Objectives • Identify the causes of Progressivism. • Analyze the role that journalists played in the Progressive Movement. • Evaluate some of the social reforms that Progressives tackled. • Explain what Progressives hoped to achieve through political reforms.

17. 1 - Terms and People • Progressivism – movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms • muckraker – writer who uncovers and exposes misconduct in politics or business • Lincoln Steffens – muckraking author of Shame of the Cities; exposed corruption in urban government • Jacob Riis – muckraking photographer and author of How The Other Half Lives; exposed the condition of the urban poor • Jane Addams – leader in the settlement house movement • settlement house – community center that provided services for the urban poor • Social Gospel – belief that following Christian principles could bring about social justice • direct primary – allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party leaders

17. 1 - Terms and People (continued) • initiative – process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot • referendum – process that allows citizens to reject or accept laws passed by their legislature • recall – process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their terms end

Progressivism • A reform movement to change society for the better. • Industrialization and urbanization caused opportunities but also problems. • Progressives wanted to fix these problems.

WHAT PROBLEMS DID PROGRESSIVFES WANT TO FIX? • • • CORRUPT GOVERNMENT UNFAIR BUSINESS PRACTICES LIFE OF THE URBAN POOR. SAFETY IN THE WORK PLACE SOCIAL INJUSTICES

THE AVERAGE PROGRESSIVE • • • WHITE MIDDLE CLASS COLLEGE EDUCATED CITY DWELLER FEMALE (SOME)

MUCKRAKERS • Writers who wanted to fix the problems of society were called Muckrakers. • They investigated problems and than wrote magazine articles, books or took photographs so that people would become angry and do something about the problems.

Famous Muckrakers 1. Ida Tarbell Wrote about Standard Oil Company’s unfair business practices that put her father out of business 2. Jacob Riis Wrote and took pictures of the living conditions of the urban poor 3. Upton Sinclair Wrote The Jungle, about the unsanitary condition of the Chicago meatpacking industry

JANE ADAMS • Wanted to help immigrants adjust to life in America by offering them classes in English, child care, and social services. • She started the Settlement House movement in the U. S. Her settlement house that helped the poor and immigrants was in Chicago. It was called Hull House.

WORKING CONDITIONS • Progressive reforms addressed working conditions; • Men, women and children sometimes worked 15 hours a day in factories and sweatshops. • Wages were very low. A woman received half as much as a man and a child half as much of what a woman made. • A sick or injured worker was easily replaced by cheap immigrant labor.

TRIANGLE FACTORY FIRE • 1911 - A fire breaks out at the Triangle Factory (Asch Building in lower NYC). The fire kills 146 Italian and Jewish garment workers. • The factory had no fire escape and the door were locked to keep the workers from leaving.

Worker safety was an important issue to Progressives. In the early 1900 s, the U. S. had the world’s highest rate of industrial accidents.

VOTER REFORM • Initiative People can start a law to be voted on by the state legislature if enough people sign a petition. • Referendum People get to vote on a law that the state passed in order to decide whether or not to accept it or reject it. • Recall People may vote an elected official out of office if there are good reasons.

17. 2 Women's Rights 1890 -1920

Objectives • Analyze the impact of changes in women’s education on women’s roles in society. • Explain what women did to win workers’ rights and to improve family life. • Evaluate the tactics women used to win passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

17. 2 - Terms and People • Florence Kelley – founded the National Consumer’s League (NCL) • National Consumer’s League (NCL) – group that labeled and publicized “goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions” • temperance movement – aimed at stopping alcohol abuse and the problems created by it • Margaret Sanger – nurse who opened the first birth control clinic • Ida B. Wells – helped to found the National Association of Colored Women (NACW)

17. 2 - Terms and People (continued) • suffrage – the right to vote • Carrie Chapman Catt – president of the NAWSA, campaigned to pass women’s suffrage at both the state and national levels • National American Woman Suffrage Association – group that worked on the state and national levels to earn women the right to vote • Alice Paul – social activist, led women to picket at the White House to get the right to vote • Nineteenth Amendment – 1919, constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote

Women Rights • Women did not have the same rights as men in the early 1900 s. • College educated women were not hired and so many joined the Progressive Movement

SUFFRAGE • Woman fought for the right to vote. • Alice Paul, head of the National Women’s Party, along with many other suffragist, were arrested and jailed for their role in fighting for equal rights. http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=1 HAjq. FJTz 8 w • 19 th Amendment was added to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote during President Wilson’s term.

TEMPERANCE • Many women joined the temperance movement. • Many people believed that alcohol was society’s biggest problem. It caused men to beat their wives and drink up their paychecks in saloons. • The Temperance Movement helped lead the way to the passage of the 18 th Amendment in 1919, which outlaws the manufacture, sale and consumption of alcohol.

17. 3 Civil Rights 1871– 1914

Objectives • Analyze Progressives’ attitudes toward minority rights. • Explain why African Americans organized. • Examine the strategies used by members of other minority groups to defend their rights.

17. 3 - Terms and People • Americanization – belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens • Booker T. Washington – favored a gradualist approach for blacks to earn rights through economic progress and employment in the skilled trades • W. E. B. Du Bois – demanded immediate and full rights for blacks as guaranteed by the Constitution • Niagara Movement – group of African American thinkers founded in 1905 that pushed for immediate racial reforms • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) – interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and achieve political rights for African Americans • Urban League – organization to assist working class African Americans with relief, jobs, clothing, and schools

17. 3 - Terms and People (continued) • Anti-Defamation League – organization whose goal is to defend Jews and others from false statements and verbal or physical attacks • mutualistas – Mexican American groups that provided loans, legal assistance, and disability insurance for members

DISCRIMINATION • Progressives saw many immigrant customs as bad behavior. • They wanted the immigrants to replace their customs to become more American. • These efforts were called Americanization.

WHO WAS LEFT OUT OF THE PROGRESSIVE REFORMS? • Progressives did not address the problems faced by African Americans; Discrimination (housing, work, social) – African Americans addressed their own problems: – Created the NAACP ( headed by W. E. B. Dubois)

AFRICAN AMERICANS ARE SPLIT ON HOW TO END RACIAL DISCRIMMINATION • Booker T. Washington believed that African Americans would gradually earn equality by learning a skill in a trade. • W. E. B Dubois believed African Americans should demand equal rights immediately.

AFRICAN AMERICANS FIGHT FOR EQUAL RIGHTS • Progressives did not address the problems faced by African Americans so they created their own organizations. • The NAACP was created after a 1908 riot in Springfield, Illinois which killed many African Americans. This organization demanded voting and civil rights for African Americans. It was led by W. E. B. Dubois • The Urban League helped the poor find jobs, housing, opportunity to et an education.

PROGRESSIVE PRESIDENTS AND REFORM How Society’s Problems were fixed on the Federal and State Level

17. 4 Theodore Roosevelt’s Administration

17. 4 - Objectives • Discuss Theodore Roosevelt’s ideas on the role of government. • Analyze how Roosevelt changed the government’s role in the economy. • Explain the impact of Roosevelt’s actions on natural resources. • Compare and contrast Taft’s policies with Roosevelt’s.

17. 4 - Terms and People • Theodore Roosevelt – President who passed Progressive reforms and expanded the powers of the presidency. • Square Deal – Roosevelt’s program to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor • Hepburn Act – gave the Interstate Commerce Committee power to limit railroad company prices • Meat Inspection Act – gave federal agents power to inspect and monitor the meatpacking industry • Pure Food and Drug Act – gave the federal government responsibility for insuring food and medicine are safe • John Muir – California naturalist who advocated for the creation of Yosemite National Park • Gifford Pinchot – forestry official who proposed managing the forests for later public use

Terms and People (continued) • National Reclamation Act – gave the federal government power to decide where and how water would be distributed in arid western states • New Nationalism – Roosevelt’s 1912 plan to restore the government’s trust-busting power • Progressive Party – political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912

THEODORE ROOSEVELT BECOMES PRESIDENT • President Mc. Kinley is assassinated and Vice President Theodore Roosevelt becomes president. • He is one of three Progressive Presidents that wants to improve life for all Americans.

TR • Conservationist protected National Parks and natural resources from big business • Trustbuster (He was known for getting rid of “bad” trust that had monopolies. • Pure Food and Drug Act • Meat Inspection Act (see The Jungle Sinclair) by Upton

TR Runs for President in 1904 • Square Deal was his 1904 campaign slogan. (He wanted to balance the interests of all Americans to make life fair for all Americans. ) • http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=rzm 2 EB Yfy. Dghttp: //

TR DECIDES TO RETIRE FROM POLITICS • TR wants to spend his time hunting and enjoying nature. He decides not to run in the 1908 Presidential election.

TAFT • TR’s friend, William Howard Taft, wins the presidency of 1908 but has a falling out with TR after he did not follow through on TR’s policies. What does he do that TR doesn’t like? : – Raises tariffs instead of lowering them. – Does not protect Alaska’s natural resources (coal and lumber) http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=MNn 48 EFgyb. M

PROGRESSIVE PARTY • TR forms the Progressive Party during the election of 1912 when he decides to run against his old friend Taft runs as the Republican candidate. • TR calls his new party the Progressive Party (AKA: The Bull Moose Party) • Both Taft and TR lose because they split the Republican Party vote allowing Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, to win.

TR WAS a Republican but when he decided to run for re-election In 1912, he formed a new party called the Progressive or Bull Moose Party. Taft was the Republican candidate. THIS IA A PICTURE OF A REAL BULL MOOSE. Why do you think TR called his party this name?

17. 5 Wilson Administration

17. 5 - Objectives • Evaluate what Wilson hoped to do with his “New Freedom” program. • Describe Wilson’s efforts to regulate the economy. • Assess the legacy of the Progressive Era.

17. 5 - Terms and People • Woodrow Wilson – Progressive Democrat elected President in 1912 • New Freedom – Wilson’s program to place strict government controls on corporations • Sixteenth Amendment – 1913 constitutional amendment that gave Congress the power to impose an income tax • Federal Reserve Act – 1913 law that placed the national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board • Federal Trade Commission (FTC) – government agency established in 1914 to identify monopolistic business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling • Clayton Anti-trust Act – strengthened anti-trust laws by spelling out specific practices in which businesses could not engage

WOODROW WILSON – New Freedom • Federal Reserve Act – Protects the money supply by controlling banks • Limits child labor • Worker’s Compensation (payments for injury on the job. ) • 16 th Amendment (income tax) • 17 th Amendment (direct election of senators) • 18 th Amendment (Prohibition of alcohol) • 19 th Amendment (women’s right to vote)

Chapter 17 PROGRESSIVISM 17 1 — Objectives