Chapter 17 Foreign Policy and National Defense Section

Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 1

Objectives 1. Explain the difference between isolationism and internationalism. 2. Define foreign policy. 3. Understand that a nation’s foreign policy is composed of its many foreign policies. 4. Describe the functions, components, and organization of the Department of State. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2

Key Terms • domestic affairs: events in one’s home country • foreign affairs: a nation’s relations with other nations • isolationism: a refusal to become involved in the affairs of the rest of the world • foreign policy: everything a nation does and says in world affairs Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3

Key Terms, cont. • right of legation: the right to send and receive diplomatic representatives • ambassador: an official representative of a sovereign state in the conduct of its foreign affairs • diplomatic immunity: not being subject to the laws of a state to which one is an accredited ambassador • passport: a legal document that identifies someone as a citizen of a state • visa: a permit to enter another state Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4

Introduction • How is foreign policy made and conducted? – Foreign policy is made by the President with the advice of the Secretary of State and State Department. – It is carried out in person by U. S. ambassadors and other diplomats, both individually and as members of international organizations. – It is also conducted by America’s stands on issues such as international trade, human rights, and international conflicts. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5

Isolationism to Internationalism • For nearly 150 years U. S. foreign relations were based on isolationism, as U. S. leaders refused to get widely involved in foreign affairs. • From the 1940 s on, the United States has played a major role in world affairs. – Today America’s national security can be endangered by terrorism and foreign conflicts. – Additionally, the U. S. economy is now tied to the global economy. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6

Foreign Policy • Checkpoint: What is foreign policy? – Foreign policy consists of all the stands and actions that a nation takes in every aspect of its relationships with other countries – including diplomatic, military, and economic relationships. – These stands and actions include all of America’s treaties, alliances, and foreign aid, as well as U. S. policies on international trade, immigration, human rights and the environment. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7

Foreign Policy, cont. • Foreign policy goals change over time. • The President is the nation’s chief diplomat. – Several Presidents have tried to broker Mideast peace agreements. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 8

State Department • The President looks to the State Department, the first executive department created by Congress, for advice and assistance in conducting U. S. foreign policy. • The department is divided into bureaus that deal with specific geographic regions or with specific foreign policy issues. • The State Department pursues four major foreign policy goals: – – Protecting America Advancing democracy Protecting American values Supporting diplomatic officials Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 9

Protecting America • The State Department: – Maintains and strengthens diplomatic ties with other nations – Manages domestic and international travel and trade policies – Promotes global stability Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10

Advancing Democracy • The State Department: – Supports newly established democracies – Promotes fair voting practices and just legal systems – Monitors human rights issues globally Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11

Promoting American Values • The State Department: – Uses government-supported and other media to provide information on American values to other peoples – Supports cultural exchange programs Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12

Supporting Diplomatic Officials • The State Department: – Uses the right of legation to send thousands of diplomats abroad – Protects American diplomats and others abroad under international law Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13

Secretary of State • The President appoints the Secretary of State, who is always a key cabinet member. • He or she helps make and conduct policy as well as managing the State department. – John Foster Dulles (right) was an influential Secretary of State. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 14

Ambassadors and Embassies • Ambassadors are appointed by the President with Senate approval and serve at the President’s pleasure. – Appointees range from political allies of the President to career diplomats. • The United States has embassies in more than 180 countries. – Foreign Service officers staff more than 260 diplomatic and consular offices as well. They encourage trade, gather intelligence, and aid American citizens abroad. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15

Diplomatic Immunity • Ambassadors and embassy personnel are normally granted diplomatic immunity. – This means they cannot be arrested, sued, or taxed by the country to which they are ambassadors. – Their embassies and communications cannot be entered or searched without their consent. – However, a host country can expel a diplomat whose conduct it finds unacceptable. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16

Diplomatic Immunity, cont. • Diplomatic immunity is normally, but not always, respected. • In 1979, Iranian students violated diplomatic immunity and international law by seizing the American embassy in Tehran and holding 52 Americans hostage for 444 days. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17

Travel Documents Passports Visas Issued by a government and Issued by the country the identifies the bearer as a citizen individual requests permission or national of the issuing to enter country Entitles the bearer to consular protection abroad and to return to his or her country of citizenship Permits the traveler to remain in a country for a specified period of time, but does not guarantee entry Valid for 10 years Valid for only the time period stated Three types: diplomatic, official, Of many types, including: tourist transit, tourist, business, and student Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18

Review • Now that you have learned about how foreign policy is made and conducted, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. – How should the United States interact with other countries? Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19

Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 2

Objectives 1. Summarize the functions, components, and organization of the Department of Defense and the military departments. 2. Explain how the Director of National Intelligence and the Department of Homeland Security contribute to the nation’s security. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 21

Key Terms • espionage: spying • terrorism: the use of violence to intimidate a government or a society, usually for reasons that are political or have to do with the ideas and beliefs of a group Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 22

Introduction • How does the Federal Government safeguard this nation’s security? – The President and the Department of Defense oversee the operation of the nation’s armed forces— the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marines. – The Director of National Intelligence oversees the operation of the nation’s intelligence agencies. – The Department of Homeland Security coordinates all national efforts to combat terrorism. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 23

Defense Department • Congress created the Defense Department in 1947, replacing the War and Navy Departments. • Today there are nearly 1. 4 million men and women on active duty in the military. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 24

Civilian Control of the Military • The Constitution puts civilian authorities in charge of the military. – The President acts as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Congress also has broad military powers. – The civilian Secretary of Defense, appointed by the President, heads the Defense Department. – Each military department is also headed by a civilian secretary. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 25

Advisers • Checkpoint: Who advises the President on military matters? – The Secretary of Defense is the President’s chief aide and advisor on defense policy. – The six members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the nation’s highest ranking uniformed officers, also advise the President and other key officials. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 26

Department of the Army • The U. S. Army is responsible for military operations on land. – The Army defends against attacks on the United States and acts to protect U. S. interests around the world. • The Regular Army has more than half a million soldiers on active duty. – Infantry defends, takes and holds land areas with the support of the artillery and armored cavalry. – Many other units provide needed logistical, medical, and technical support for this mission. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 27

Department of the Navy • The Navy’s main responsibility is sea warfare. – Today the navy has some 330, 000 personnel. • The U. S. Marine Corps is a separate, combat land force within the Navy. – The 180, 000 Marines are tasked with seizing and defending naval bases and carrying out other necessary land operations. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 28

Department of the Air Force • The Air Force is the newest department, established in 1947 • The Air Force has the primary responsibility for military air and aerospace operations. – Its 340, 000 members defend the United States, attack enemy air, ground, and sea forces, strike targets in enemy territory, and provide transport and support for land naval operations. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 29

Major Military Deployments • Nearly one fourth of the U. S. armed forces is stationed abroad. Today, the top five areas to which the American military are deployed are in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe. – Why is it necessary to post the armed forces overseas in order to protect national security? Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 30

Director of National Intelligence • Checkpoint: Why was the Office of the Director of National Intelligence established? – Intelligence agencies had failed to collect and share information warning of potential terrorist attacks such as Sept 11, 2001. – The DNI supervises the operations of the 16 agencies in the federal intelligence community. – Much of this intelligence work involves spying and is done with secrecy - even the budgets are secret. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 31

Dept. of Homeland Security • The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created in 2002 to protect America from terrorism. – It coordinates all antiterrorist activities of all public agencies that deal with domestic security. • The DHS operates in five key areas: – – – Border and transportation security Infrastructure protection Emergency preparedness and response Information analysis Defense against chemical, biological, and nuclear attack Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32

DHS, cont. • The DHS works to detect and deter threats by: – Securing U. S. borders – Enforcing immigration laws – Strengthening transportation security – Developing detection technology Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 33

DHS, cont. • The DHS works to protect the nation from terrorism by: – Protecting the President and other key officials – Protecting physical and cyber infrastructure – Fighting financial crimes and identity theft Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 34

DHS, cont. • The DHS leads the response to national emergencies by: – Preparing and helping implement plans to deal with crises such as natural disasters, health emergencies, and acts of terrorism – Providing emergency housing Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 35

DHS, cont. • The DHS has to protect America’s: – – – Food and water supply Healthcare system Communications network Pipelines and power plants Roads, bridges, railways, waterways, seaports, and airports – Skyscrapers and stadiums Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 36

Terrorism • The sheer number of potential targets means that the nation cannot be completely and absolutely protected against all possible terrorist attacks. • The best that can be hoped for is to stop or minimize the effect of most terrorist attacks, and to bring those responsible for such attacks to justice. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 37

Review • Now that you have learned about how the Federal Government safeguards this nation’s security, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. – How should the United States interact with other countries? Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 38

Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 3

Objectives 1. Summarize American foreign policy from independence through World War I. 2. Show the two World Wars affected America’s traditional policy of isolationism. 3. Explain the principles of collective security and deterrence and their use during the cold war. 4. Describe American foreign policy since the end of the cold war. 5. Understand why the world remains a dangerous place. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 40

Key Terms • collective security: the idea that nations will act together to protect the peace • deterrence: keeping a strong enough military to discourage any attack by a hostile power • cold war: a period of more than 40 years of hostile U. S. -Soviet relations • containment: the policy of keeping communism from expanding • détente: a relaxing of tensions Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 41

Introduction • How has American foreign policy changed over time? – For many years the United States was isolationist, concentrating its early foreign policy efforts in the western hemisphere. – After taking part in the two World Wars, the United States won the Cold War with the Soviet Union and emerged as a major player in international affairs. – After this, the U. S. began seeking to influence political, economic, and military issues around the world. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 42

Isolationism • For many years the United States tried to avoid becoming entangled in foreign affairs and alliances. • However, the United States did have diplomatic relations and trade with many nations. • Benjamin Franklin (right) was one of the first U. S. diplomats. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 43

Isolationism, cont. • Geographic isolation, abundant national resources, and weak U. S. armed forces all encouraged isolationism. • In 1823, President Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine, warning European powers to stay out of the affairs of North and South America. • By 1900, America had expanded across the continent and overseas and sought to expand its political influence as well. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 44

Intervention • Beginning under President Theodore Roosevelt in the 1900 s, U. S. forces began to police Latin America to restore stability. – According to the cartoon, what was involved in Roosevelt’s policy? Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 45

Intervention, cont. • In the 1930 s President Franklin Roosevelt pursued the Good Neighbor Policy, reducing U. S. military and political involvement. • In the 1800 s, America opened Japan to trade and called for an Open Door policy, giving all nations equal trade access to China. – By the 1940 s, U. S. relations with both Japan and China were poor. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 46

World at War • Checkpoint: How did World War II change the foreign policy position of the United States? – After entering World War I, America had isolated itself once again until the start of World War II. – The United States ended WW II as the world’s major military and economic power. – U. S. foreign policy then shifted to one of heavy international involvement, aimed at protecting American security and prosperity. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 47

Collective Security & Deterrence • After World War II America tried to create a world community that would unite against threats to peace. – The United Nations was created in 1945 to pursue this goal, but its effectiveness was limited during the cold war. • The United States has also pursued a policy of deterrence, building a military strong enough to deter any direct attack on America. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 48

The Cold War • The Cold War began after WW II as the United States and the USSR confronted each other in Europe and elsewhere. – The Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe and set up communist regimes. – President Truman then offered U. S. military and financial aid to the rest of Europe. • The U. S. policy of containment during the Cold War sought to contain the spread of communism. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 49

Cold War Confrontations • Soviets blockaded Berlin in 1948 -49, but a U. S. airlift of supplies saved the city without a fight. • Soviets placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962, but backed down during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 50

Korean and Vietnam Wars • The Korean War (1950 -53) pitted UN forces, mainly Americans and South Koreans, against communist North Koreans and Chinese that were supported by the Soviets. It ended in a stalemate. • The Vietnam War (1965 -1973) saw the United States fighting the North Vietnamese and communist guerillas. – The American people were bitterly divided over the war, and the United States eventually withdrew. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 51

Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 52

Détente • President Nixon sought to improve relations with the USSR and China, but Soviet relations remained strained. • The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to U. S. support of the anti-communist rebels and a renewed containment policy. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 53

The Cold War Ends • Checkpoint: What led to the end of the cold war? – Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev made reforms and met with President Reagan to ease tensions. – Economic and political problems in Eastern Europe and the USSR also contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. – U. S. policies of deterrence and containment worked over time. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 54

Modern Dangers • The modern world faces many threats. – Terrorist groups like al Qaeda oppose the United States. – Hostile nations such as Iran and North Korea may gain nuclear weapons. – Africa suffers from many conflicts. – The Middle East divides U. S. interests between the need for oil and American support for Israel. U. S. efforts to broker a peaceful solution to the Palestinian-Israeli conflict have had limited success. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 55

Afghanistan • After the 2001 attacks, U. S. forces toppled the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. • Today the pro-al Qaeda Taliban forces continued to fight U. S. and NATO troops for control of the country. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 56

Iraq • The United States and its allies began the second Gulf War in 2003. – The goal was to end the threat posed by Saddam Hussein’s dictatorial regime and its suspected weapons programs. • American forces have been involved in an ongoing effort to stabilize and rebuild Iraq as a democracy in the face of continued violence. • This task will likely continue for years to come. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 57

Review • Now that you have learned about how American foreign policy has changed over time, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. – How should the United States interact with other countries? Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 58

Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense Section 4

Objectives 1. Identify two types of foreign aid and describe the foreign aid policy of the United States. 2. Describe the major security alliances developed by the United States. 3. Examine the role and structure of the United Nations and the problems it addresses. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 60

Key Terms • foreign aid: economic and military aid given to other countries • regional security alliance: nations united by a mutual defense treaty • NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a major security alliance including the United States, Canada, and much of Europe • United Nations: a global organization dedicated to maintaining peace, security, and friendship between nations • Security Council: a 15 -member UN council responsible for maintaining international peace Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 61

Introduction • In what ways does the United States cooperate with other nations? – The United States provides economic and military aid to foreign countries. – The United States belongs to a number of regional security alliances pledged to mutual defense. – The United States is a leading member of the United Nations. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 62

U. S. Foreign Aid • Early foreign aid, such as the Marshall Plan, was mainly economic and went mostly to Europe. • Today foreign aid is both military and economic. • Most aid goes to nations in Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 63

NATO • Checkpoint: How has NATO’s purpose changed? – The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was originally formed to protect western Europe against Soviet aggression. – Since the collapse of the USSR, NATO has grown in size and is no longer focused on opposing the Soviets. – Today NATO is focused on crisis management and peacekeeping in Europe and around the world. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 64

Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 65

NATO Missions • NATO intervened to stop fighting in Bosnia and Kosovo. NATO troops continue their peacekeeping mission in the Balkans today. • NATO has taken over the ISAF, the multinational peacekeeping force fighting the Taliban in Afghanistan. • NATO also plays a small peacekeeping role in the Darfur region of Sudan. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 66

Other Security Alliances • The Rio Pact is a mutual defense treaty allying the United States with Canada and 32 Latin American countries. • ANZUS is a pact uniting Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. • The Japanese, Korean, and Philippines Pacts each pledge that U. S. forces will come to the aid of their ally if needed. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 67

The United Nations • The United Nations charter was written in San Francisco in 1945. The UN first met in 1946. • The UN’s goals are: – Maintaining world peace and security – Developing friendly relations among all nations – Promoting justice and solving international disputes Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 68

General Assembly • Each UN member has a vote in the General Assembly, which regularly meets once a year in New York and in special sessions. • The Assembly has several functions. – It can debate issues and make nonbinding, but influential recommendations. – It elects the nonpermanent members of various UN councils and courts. – It can admit, suspend, or expel members. – It can propose amendments to the charter. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 69

Security Council • The Security Council is responsible for maintaining international peace. – It has 15 members. Five—the United States, China, Britain, France, and Russia—are permanent members. The other 10 serve two-year terms. – With the support of at least 9 members, the Council can call for sanctions, peace-keeping operations, or military action. – A permanent member can veto any major Security Council resolution. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 70

Other Councils • The Economic and Social Council has 54 members elected by the General Assembly. They carry out the UN’s many economic, cultural, educational, and health activities. • The Trusteeship Council once oversaw the treatment of colonies and former colonies. Since these are all independent now the Council exists in name only. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 71

World Court • The International Court of Justice, or World Court, is the UN’s judicial arm. – The ICJ is made up of 15 judges who handle cases brought to them voluntarily by UN members and nonmembers. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 72

The Secretariat • The Secretariat is the UN’s civil service branch. – It is led by the secretary-general, elected by the General Assembly. – The secretary-general prepares the UN budget, oversees day-to-day administration of the UN, and brings key matters before the Security Council. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 73

The Work of the UN • The UN has 15 specialized agencies that provide many economic and social programs. • The FAO works to improve farming productivity, food quality, and living standards in rural nations. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 74

The Work of the UN, cont. • The WHO has helped immunize 80 percent of the world’s children against six fatal diseases. • UNESCO promotes education, science, culture, and freedom of the press. • The IMF promotes global financial stability. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 75

The Work of the UN, cont. • Peacekeeping is a major function of the UN. • The UN promotes human rights, protects refugees, and raises money for disaster relief. • The UN also works closely with many NGOs, such as the Red Cross, to aid people worldwide. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 76

The United States and the UN • The United States provides major funding to the UN. • The UN and U. S. leaders have not always agreed. – At times the United States has withheld funds or fought UN policies. – Still, the two work closely together on many issues. Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 77

Review • Now that you have learned about the ways in which the United States cooperates with other nations, go back and answer the Chapter Essential Question. – How should the United States interact with other countries? Chapter 17, Section 1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 78