Chapter 16 Beyond the United States The Comparative

Chapter 16 Beyond the United States: The Comparative Perspective

The Comparative Perspective • Phenomenon of subordination based on: – Race, nationality, or religion not unique to US; occurs throughout the world – Mexico • Women and Mayans given second-class status – Canada • Faces racial, linguistic, and tribal issues © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Comparative Perspective – Brazil • Recognizing long history of racial inequality – Israel • Struggle of territory and autonomy between Jews and Palestinians – Republic of South Africa • Legacy of apartheid dominates present and future © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Comparative Perspective • World Systems Theory – Considers the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth • And those that provide natural resources and labor • Ethnonational Conflict – Refers to conflicts between ethnic, racial, religious, and linguistic groups within nations © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Comparative Perspective • Sociological perspective on relations between dominant and subordinate groups – Treats race and ethnicity as social categories – Understood in the context of shared meanings attached by societies and their members © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mexico: Diversity South of the Border • A nation of 111 million people • The Mexican Indian people and the Color Gradient – Color Gradient • The placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color – Rather than in distinct racial groupings by skin color © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mexico: Diversity South of the Border • The Status of Women – Gender stratification is an issue US shares with almost all other countries – 1975, Mexico City site of first UN conference on the status of women • Focused on the situation of women in developing countries © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mexico: Diversity South of the Border – Mexican women • Often viewed as the “ideal workers” • Have begun to address economic, political, and health issues – Mexico beginning to realize issues social inequity extends beyond poverty © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Canada: Multiculturalism Up North • Multiculturalism adopted as a state policy for more than two decades • The First Nation – Status Indians members of more than 600 tribes officially recognized by the government – Inuit living in Northern Canada; Métis of mixed ancestry; Non-status Indians © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Canada: Multiculturalism Up North • 1982 Canadian Federal Constitution – Recognized and affirmed existing aboriginal and treaty rights of: • Canadian Native American, Inuit, and Métis people • Defeat of Charlottetown Agreement 1992 – Embraced number of issues including greater recognition of Aboriginal people © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Canada: Multiculturalism Up North • Social and economical fate of Aboriginal People – Only 40% graduate from high school compared to 70% of nation as a whole – Unemployment twice as high and average income one-third lower © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Canada: Multiculturalism Up North • The Québécois – French speaking people of Quebec – Quebec accounts for 1/4 th of nation’s population and wealth – Meech Lake Accords (1987) – Inter ethnic and linguistic conflict between the Anglophones and Francophones. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Canada: Multiculturalism Up North • Immigration and Race – Visible Minorities – Canadian immigration policy has alternated between being open and restrictive – Growth in Asian, Black, and West Indian immigrants © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise • Brazil and the U. S. are familiar in a number of ways: – Colonized by Europeans who overwhelmed natives – Imported Black Africans as slaves – Treatment of indigenous people © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise • Legacy of Slavery – Easier to recognize African culture among Brazil Blacks than African Americans • Contributions of African people kept alive in schools • Surviving African culture overwhelmed by dominant European traditions, like US © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise • Manumission – Freeing of slaves – For every 1, 000 slaves, 100 freed annually compared to 4 per year in the U. S. – Most significant difference between slavery in southern U. S. and Brazil © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise – Needed as crafts workers, shopkeepers, and boatmen, not just agricultural workers • In Brazil, race not seen as measure of inferiority like U. S. – In Brazil, you were inferior if you were a slave – In U. S. , you were inferior if you were Black © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise • The “Racial Democracy” Illusion – Historian Carl Degler (1971) • Mulatto Escape Hatch – Escape hatch is an illusion • Economically, fare marginally better than Black Brazilians or Afro-Brazilians © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise – Mulatto or Moreno recognized as group separate from either brancos or pretos – Blacks with highest level of education and occupation experience most discrimination • In terms of jobs, mobility, and income – Marriages between people of different color groupings © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise – Marriage between opposite ends of color gradient are uncommon – Absence of direct racial confrontation & mixed marriages • Lack of racial tension does not mean prejudice does not exist © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise • Light skin color enhances status but impact is exaggerated • Mixed ancestry earn 12% more than Blacks; Whites earn another 26% more than Moreno • Brazilian Dilemma – Gradual recognition racial prejudice and discrimination exist © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brazil: Not A Racial Paradise – 20 th century, changed from nation prided on freedom from racial intolerance • To country legally attacking discrimination – Alfonso Arinos Law (1951) – Women of color fare poorly in Brazil – Challenge in organizing is that Afro-Brazilians fail to recognize discrimination © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians • Diaspora – Exile of Jews from Palestine over 2, 000 years ago • British colonialism during World War I and the Middle East • British endorsement of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians • Spirit of Zionism – Yearning to establish a Jewish state in the biblical homeland – To Arabs, meant subjugation and elimination of Palestinians • Arab-Israeli Conflicts © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians – Arab nations announced intention to restore control to Palestine • Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon • By force if necessary – Six-Day War (1967) • Syria’s response to Israel’s military actions to take surrounding territory © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians – Yom Kippur War (October 1973) • Launched against Israel by Egypt and Syria • Lead to huge oil price increases as retaliation – President Carter’s mediation and Egypt’s recognition of Israel’s right to exist • The Intifada – Began in December 1987 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians – Grassroots movement of students, workers, unions, professionals, and business leaders – Used television to transform world opinion, especially US • Palestinians came to be viewed as people struggling for self-determination © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians – Diaspora of Jews led to displacement of Palestinian Arabs • The Search for Solutions Amid Violence – Oslo Accords (1993) – Issues of lasting peace • Future of Jewish settlements in Palestinian territories © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Israel and the Palestinians • Future of Arabs with Israeli citizenship • Creation of independent Palestinian national state • Israel-Palestinian Authority relations with government under control of Hamas – Sworn to Israel’s destruction • Future of Palestinian refugees elsewhere • The status of Jerusalem, Israel’s capital © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republic of South Africa • Different from rest of Africa; original African people of area no longer present • Largest group are Black Africans • Coloured (Cape Coloureds) and Asians make up remaining non-Whites • Small White community – English; Afrikaners © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republic of South Africa • The Legacy of Colonialism – Settlement of South Africa by Europeans – Dutch East Indian Company – Dutch slave owners and trek inwards – British and Indian immigration – British and Boer wars – Pass Laws © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republic of South Africa • Apartheid – Means separation or apartness in Afrikans – British colonial rule ended with independence in 1948 – Afrikaners assumed control of government – Apartheid was 20 th century effort to reestablish master-slave relationship © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republic of South Africa – 1990, South African Prime Minister F. W. De Klerk – National Peace Accord – 1992 referendum allowing Whites to vote on ending apartheid – De Klerk and Mandela jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republic of South Africa • The Era of Reconciliation and Moving On – April 1994, Mandela’s ANC received 62% of vote giving him 5 year term as president – Truth and Reconciliation Commission – Controversial issues facing ANC led government are familiar to US citizens • Desperate poverty © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Republic of South Africa – Most difficult is land reform • Black South Africans forced from their land between 1960 and 1990 • 1994 – Government took steps to transfer 30% of agriculture land to Black South Africans © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.