Chapter 13 Electronic Work Flow
Objectives Distinguish between analog form and digital form. State the functions of word processing, page composition, and illustration programs. Explain the functions of PDLs. Summarize the functions of Print Production Format (PPF) and Job Definition Format (JDF). © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Objectives Cite the definition of preflighting and explain its importance to prepress production. Describe the basic creation, transmission, and output of electronic media. List proofing methods used in the printing industry. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Objectives Identify the basic functions of raster image processors (RIPs), imagesetters, and platesetters. Define digital printing. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Analog vs. Digital Most images enter the work flow in analog form and are converted to digital form Analog images are continuous and can vary in density Digital images consist of cells on a grid (pixels) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Transition to Digital Image reproduction was originally limited to type and black-and-white line drawings Invention of photography in the 1800 s made it possible to capture photographic images Reproducing these images was not possible until the invention of the halftone screen in 1886 Electronic scanners and digital cameras are used now © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Computer Platforms Major ones in use today: – PC – Macintosh computer Defined by operating system used Many service bureaus use a particular platform Cross-platform programs, formats, or devices work on different platforms © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Software Programs Used for many applications in the printing industry Text creation and editing are done in word processing programs Text can be imported into a page composition program Other software is used for image creation and manipulation and imposition © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Paint Programs Create or transform images into bitmap graphics Bitmap graphic— pattern of pixels arranged on a grid Number of bits in a pixel is the bit depth © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. One-Bit Pixels Eight-Bit Pixels Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Draw Programs Use straight and curved lines to produce vector graphics Vector graphics are represented as mathematical formulas – Can be greatly enlarged and still remain sharp – Require less computer memory than bitmap files © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Image Manipulation Programs Paint programs that generate bitmap graphics More advanced programs allow manipulation of almost any aspect of an image – Cropping images – Changing color and contrast – Removing and replicating images © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Page Composition Programs Integrate files produced by very different types of software Understand different languages used and translate elements into a common language © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Translating Files PDL directs imaging performed by the output devices Interpreters translate Post. Script page descriptions line by line into patterns of dots or pixels Encapsulated Post. Script (EPS) files include low-resolution representations of documents © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Portable Document Format (PDF) Evolved out of Post. Script technology Designed to support: – CD-ROMs – Internet- and intranet-page production – Digital-printing technologies – Digital work flow of computer-to-plate (CTP) technology A good preflighting tool © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Integrating All of Production International Cooperation for Integration of Prepress, Press, and Postpress (CIP 3) was created to reduce compatibility problems CIP 3 produced Print Production Format (PPF) PPF evolved into Job Definition Format (JDF) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Desktop Publishing Basis for all electronic prepress Used to produce art, copy, and page composition Pages are output as laser proofs Corrected files are translated to Post. Script format and sent to printer © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Stages of Electronic Prepress © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Power Supply When electrical power supply is disrupted, digital work flow is halted An uninterruptible power supply saves time and prevents work-flow interruptions Desktop computers can use a small battery supply Some uninterruptible power-supply systems protect from power surges © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Service Bureaus Contracted by publishers to scan highresolution images or output film Provide link between publishers or ad agencies and printers Some offer a full range of prepress services Output service bureaus limit their services to high-resolution output from Post. Script files © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
File Formats Attention must be paid to the format in which data is stored Text files can be saved in various formats and reformatted for use in other programs Graphic image formats are not as flexible © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Caution § Digital data can become damaged or corrupted § Always back up your files on a regular basis § When you make backup copies, you are copying your files to a second medium as a precaution, in case the first medium fails or is destroyed © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
File-Naming Conventions Carefully naming files keeps work organized – File names should not begin with a space – Each file name should be unique – Only alphanumeric characters should be used – Appropriate file extensions should be used Automatic picture replacement (APR) files should not be renamed because the name of the file links to high-res image © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Preflighting Orderly review of files to identify problems: – No laser proofs supplied – Incorrect page sizes – Inadequate image bleeds – Scans supplied in wrong file format Scitex Graphic Arts Users Association (SGAUA) publishes the Computer Ready Electronic File (CREF) II guidelines © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Preflighting Chart © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Preflighting Chart (Cont. ) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Checklist for Materials © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
File Repair Digitally send files to a data-repair and -recovery service Purchase file-repair software – Repairs certain film formats, media, or application files – Recovers graphics files that were accidentally deleted © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Monitors Software used for word processing and page layout provides a What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG) display Color-management software provides a What You See Is What You Print (WYSIWYP) display Resolution and dot pitch are important © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Monitors Cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitors – Images are generated from beams of electrons striking phosphors on inside of screen Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors – Consist of a coating of liquid crystals between two thin sheets of polarized glass Plasma display monitors – Cells containing plasma are activated by a small electric current © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
CRT Monitors © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
LCD Monitors © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Plasma Display Monitors © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Printers Dot matrix printers Ink-jet printers Laser printers Thermal printers Dye sublimation printers © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Ink-Jet Printers Drop-on-demand ink-jet printers – Thermal ink-jet printers – Piezoelectric ink-jet printers Continuous ink-jet printers – Emit a steady stream of droplets that receive electrical charges – Designed more for speed than image quality © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Thermal Ink-Jet Printers © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Piezoelectric Ink-Jet Printers © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Laser Printers © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Engine Speed Maximum number of pages the printer can output in full- or single-color mode Measured in pages per minute © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Caution § Some ink-jet and laser printers use agents that can be irritating or toxic § Laser toner can be an irritant to the respiratory tract and eyes § MSDSs are available from the toner vendor or manufacturer © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Proofs Hard proofs Soft proofs Digital proofs Contract proofs © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Proofing Customers often require proofs that accurately represent color and halftone reproduction Digital-proofing systems can simulate the dot gain expected on press Remote proofing allows a printer to send digital files to out-of-town clients © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Imagesetters © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Types of Imagesetters © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Imagesetter Calibration Ensures high-quality output and repeatability Imagesetter maintenance is important © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Platesetters Eliminate the need for film by exposing directly to plate material Categories: – Flatbed platesetters – Internal-drum platesetters – External-drum platesetters © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Imagesetting Systems Consist of imagesetter and raster image processor (RIP) RIP translates language of page-layout software into language of imagesetters and platesetters Conversion of vector images to raster images is rasterization Interpreter in the hardware converts files © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
RIP Conversion © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Automated Ink Control In the past, ink keys were manually set to ensure that areas of the plate received the right amount of ink In the 1900 s, plate scanners were developed, which set ink controls automatically Now, digital data from the RIP can also set the ink keys automatically © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Digital Printing Any method of printing in which imaging of the plate occurs on press Includes two processes: – Digital imaging (DI) technology • Advantages are shorter production time, reduced labor costs, cost-effective short runs, and greater registration control – Digital toner-based press technology • Main advantage is variable data printing (VDP) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
The Internet Used to communicate, transfer documents, and sell products and services Originally developed for the military Fastest growing part is the World Wide Web (WWW) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions What is the main difference between analog form and digital form? Analog images are continuous and can vary in density, while digital images consist of tiny cells on a very fine grid. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions Text creation and editing should be done in a(n) _____ program. word processing © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions What is the main function of a PDL? A PDL directs the imaging that an output device performs. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions PPF evolved into _____, which is a standard method of communication that eliminates the need for data to be reentered as a job moves from one system to another during production. Job Definition Format (JDF) © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions What do we call the orderly review of files to identify potential problems that could occur during production? Preflighting © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions Which of the following types of printers operates very similarly to photocopying machines? A. Dot matrix printer B. Dye sublimation printer C. Ink-jet printer D. Laser printer © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions What is the difference between hard proofs and soft proofs? Hard proofs are tangible sheets of paper made directly from digital files, while soft proofs are the images displayed on a computer monitor. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions A(n) _____ is a high-resolution output device that takes bitmap data generated by a RIP and writes it to film, paper, or printing plates, using a laser that writes the data line by line. imagesetter © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
Review Questions What is digital printing? Any reproduction technology that receives electronic files and uses spots (or dots) for replication. © Goodheart-Willcox Co. , Inc. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
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