Chapter 11 Section 1 Notes Menace of

Chapter 11 Section 1 Notes

Menace of Secession l l Abraham Lincoln sworn into office, March 4, 1861 Says there would be no conflict unless the South provoked it Says Secession is completely impractical North and South were like conjoined twins, depended on each other for survival

Lincoln’s thoughts on effects of Secession l l Goal of his presidency was to bring nation back together Dividing country doesn’t not make geographic sense (where do you draw the western line? ) If South left, how much of national debt would they take? What would be done about runaway slaves? Would North have to return them, would they be refugees? A separation of the US is exactly what Europe wants because they are threatened by US power

Fort Sumter l l l As seceding states leave the Union take over any former Federal property within their borders, forts, arsenals, mints, etc When Lincoln takes office only two forts in the CSA still fly US flags, most important was Fort Sumter outside Charleston, SC (fewer than 100 men stationed there) Supplies are running low at the island fort, if no supplies come than commander would have to surrender to the CSA without a single being fired If Lincoln sends more troops to protect fort than SC will surely see this as an act of war and CSA will fight back Tells SC that he is sending a ship to bring basic supplies to men NOT weapons to fight them

War begins l l Before supply ship can reach Fort, SC fires on the fort April 12, 1861 (feel that Lincoln was being aggressive and did not trust it was “just supplies”) Fort is bombed with cannons for 34 hours, no lives lost, commander surrenders fort to CSA

Lincoln’s Response l l April 15, 1861 Lincoln calls to states for 75, 000 volunteers to join the military Orders naval blockade of Southern ports (blockade would remain intact for next 5 years) Following win at Fort Sumter, VA, Ark, and TN secede (NC already done so) Richmond, VA replaces Montgomery Alabama as capital of CSA (proximity to Washington makes many nervous, which is the point)

Border States l l Only slave states left were what are known as the “Border States”, Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware (later West Virginia which has separated itself from VA over the issue) Critical to both sides of the war If joined CSA it would almost double white population in CSA, and increase by half its capacity for manufacturing, supplies (mules, horses) and give strategic prize of Ohio River Both groups want to control Ohio River because of its location (flows deep into heart of CSA where most of its gunpowder and iron was produced)

Advantages of the South l l l Only had to defend their land (rather than conquer it, like the Americans during the Revolution) Geography (fighting on home soil, knew the land) Greatest Advantage: Leadership Gen. Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson both considered to be top generals in country North really wanted Lee but he could not take up arms against his home state of VA, even though he did not care for slavery Southerner men seemed “born to fight”, accustomed to managing horses and weapons since boyhood made excellent soldiers (Calvary and foot) • Rebel Yell designed to strike fear in the hearts of Yankees

Advantages of North l l l Population (3: 1 in favor of the North) Industry, can make whatever they need, weapons, cannons, etc Most of nations railroad lines (quickly destroy what RR the South does have, cut off supplies) US Navy (south has to develop one) Economy, more money (GREATEST ADVANTAGE OF NORTH AND GREATEST WEAKNESS OF SOUTH) • • 3/4 TH of nation’s wealth is up North (includes 3/4 th of railroads, 30, 000 miles) Blockade of North using US Navy stops south from selling cotton to buy its supplies

Battle of Bull Run l l l Both North and South expect war to end in 90 days By 1861, North has 30, 000 troops training and eager for battle “ 1 st battle” of CW is Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas), if successful the north planned to go on to capture Richmond which was about 100 miles south-west of Washington Bull Run (Manassas Junction) was located 30 miles south-west of Washington July 21, 1861

This is War? l l l Neither side is really prepared or takes the battle that seriously to begin with, even had “tailgating” Battle goes back and forth but Gen. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson (CSA), stood like a stonewall (hence the nickname) and held back the North until CSA reinforcements arrive (early) North makes a hectic retreat (very disorganized) South is just as disorganized so does not pursue to gain more territory Technically the South won, but the importance of Bull Run is that it showed each side the necessity of planning and preparation. The war then takes a 9 month “time-out” for prep.

Union War Strategy l l l Blockade, Divide, and Conquer. 1. Put a Naval Blockade around the South 2. Divide the South along the Mississippi River 3. Capture Richmond **Also known as the Anaconda Plan, associated with Gen. Winfield Scott**

Monitor vs Merrimack l l l 1862, CSA raises an old wooden ship, the Merrimack and plates its sides with old iron railroad rails (Iron clad ship). Iron protects it from cannons Rename it the Virginia North responds by building the Monitor (in about 100 days) Monitor and Merrimack battle in the Chesapeake Bay, March 9 , 1862 Merrimack is chased away Considered a turning point in naval battle history, moving away from wooden ships and days of sailing vessels is short lived CSA later destroys Merrimack to keep it out of Union hands (don’t want it captured)

Battles in the West l l l Lincoln was having terrible luck keeping a general, finally puts Gen Ulysses S. Grant was an okay student at West Point and had experienced an okay career Was in the Mexican War but had a drinking “issue” and left the army rather than facing court martial, was working in his father’s leather store when civil war came But came on the scene by achieving “unconditional surrender” in the western theater of the Civil War, capturing Fort Donelson on Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers (Feb 1862) However he is defeated at the battle of Shiloh (April 6 -7, 1862) in State of TN although did fight well

Battle of Antietam l l l Aug 29 -30, 1862, Battle of Second Bull Run Lee vs Gen John Pope, Lee wins At this point the South is clearly winning the war, BUT Lee makes his first mistake and decides to invade Maryland. • • • l l l 1. to lure the Border states to the South 2. draw the war out of VA during harvest season 3. victory on Northern soil would boost Southern morale and maybe bring in foreign (GB aid) A major battle takes place at Antietam Creek, MD Prior to battle, Lincoln reinstates Mc. Clellan as head of Union troops Just before fighting Lee’s battle plans were lost (dropped by a Confederate officer and found by Union troops, WHOOPS!) South loses the battle Antietam Creek, Sept 17, 1862, One of the largest battles of the war

Why the Battle was Important IF south had won, they just might have won the entire war. North’s victory convinced Europe to stay out of war, so no aid to South which would have really changed things Considered by some the most decisive battle of Civil War Victory gives Lincoln the platform to announce the Emancipation Proclamation which serves to give the North a moral cause. No longer fighting to bring South back to the Union but fighting to END SLAVERY