Chapter 11 Employing Strategy Implementation Levers OBJECTIVES

Chapter 11 Employing Strategy Implementation Levers

OBJECTIVES 1 Understand the interdependence between strategy formulation and implementation 2 Demonstrate how to use organizational structure as a strategy implementation levers 3 Understand the use of systems and processes as strategy implementation levers 4 Identify the roles of people and rewards as implementation levers 5 Explain the dual roles that strategic leadership plays in strategy implementation 6 Understand how global and dynamic contexts affect the use of implementation levers 1

FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION Strategy formulation Strategy implementation The central, integrated, externally oriented concept of how we will achieve our objectives • • • Arenas Staging Vehicles Differentiators Economic logic Implementation Levers & Strategic Leadership 2

THREE QUESTIONS When a firm is experiencing difficulties, its good to ask three questions Is its strategy flawed? Is the implementation of its strategy flawed? Are both strategy and implementation flawed? 3

KNOWING – DOING GAP Percent of large companies who … … regarded themselves as good or excellent at generating new knowledge … reported having launched new products based on the application of new knowledge 46% 14% (of the same firms) Source: J. Pfeiffer and R. I. Sutton, The Knowing – Doing Gap (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000) 4

CAUSES OF THE KNOWING – DOING GAP: INTERNAL & EXTERNAL RESISTANCE When Compaq tried to copy Dell’s direct-sales model, it met stiff resistance from Comp USA, Best Buy, and other retailers External SAP attempted to launch consulting service to supplement its core technology offering but failed to align with SAP culture Internal • Business units • Culture 5

HOW WOULD YOU DO THAT? – SAP AMERICA • Cultural focus Profitability on costs • Professionalism Revenue Customer service • HR policies • Account “farming” (not just growth) Employees Reputation • Web-based software 6

CEO CHALLENGE – IMPLEMENT [T]he strategist will not be able to nail down every action step when the strategy is first crafted, nor should this even be attempted. However, he or she must have the ability to look ahead at the major implementation obstacles and ask, “Is this strategy workable? Can I make it happen? ” Source: Hambrick and Cannella, “Strategy Implementation as Substance and Selling” 7

KEY FACETS OF STRATEGIC IMPLEMENTATION • Organization structure Systems and processes People and rewards Implementation Levers Realized & Emergent Strategie s Intended Strategy Strategic Leadership • Lever and resource allocation decisions Communicating the strategy to stakeholders 8

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ALIGNED TO STRATEGY Organizational structure Strategy • Insures control • Coordinates information, decisions, and activities 9

HOW STRUCTURE INFLUENCES STRATEGY – AIR LIQUIDE Structure Strategy Air Liquide decides to locate personnel at client sites Air Liquide pursues a wealth of new-business opportunities Customer-site employees receive more decision-making autonomy Higher-margin services improve firm performance Customer-site employees see new services Air Liquide could offer (e. g. , hazardous material handling, inventory management 10

SIX FORMS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Functional Multidivisional Matrix Network Partnerships Franchises 11

FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE Corporate Office Finance Marketing/ Sales Operations R&D Organizes activities according to the specific functions that a company performs Example Platypus Technologies has 30 employees organized into small departments: finance, marketing, HR, and R&D 12

MULTIDIVISIONAL STRUCTURE Headquarters Business Group A Business Group B Business Group C Finance Marketing Operations One solution to problems of managing activities in multiple markets or managing multiple products Operations Example GM is organized according to product division (GM Trucks, Chevrolet, Buick, Cadillac, Pontiac, Saturn, etc. Each maintains its own finance, marketing, and other support functions 13

MATRIX STRUCTURE Corporate Office Product or Region A Product or Region B Product or Region C Product or Region D R&D Operations Hybrid between functional and multidivisional structure Marketing Finance Source: http: //www. cio. com/archive/090103/hs_reload. html 14

NETWORK STRUCTURE Individual Project group Small, semiautonomous, and potentially temporary groups brought together for a specific purpose Example Gore’s 6, 000 employees spread across the world work in small teams and are encouraged to seek out colleagues on their own 15

PARTNERSHIPS AND FRANCHISES Partnerships Franchises The company is organized as a group of partners who own shares or units in the corporation Company not only transfers ownership of local facilities to franchisees, but license all local management responsibility Example Most law firms Example Burger King 16

BALANCED SCORECARD IS A MEASUREMENT SYSTEM TO MANAGE STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION “To succeed Financial financially, Objectives how should we appear to our shareholders? ” “To achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customers? ” Measures Targets Initiatives External Objectives Measures Targets Initiatives Vision and Strategy “To achieve our vision, how will we sustain our ability to change and improve? ” Source: Kaplan & Norton, 1996 “To satisfy our Internal Business Process shareholders Objectives Measures Targets and customers, at what business processes must we excel? ” Learning and Growth Objectives Measures Targets Initiatives 17

STRATEGY MAPS HELP LINK ALL PERFORMANCE METRICS TO STRATEGY Implementation levers 18

HOW WOULD I DO THAT? – BALANCED SCORECARD AT US NAVAL UNDERSEA WARFARE CENTER NUWC Vision: Be our nation’s provider of choice NUWC Vision: for undersea superiority – satisfying today’s needs and meeting tomorrow’s challenges NUWC Mission: We provide the technical NUWC Mission: foundation which enables the conceptualization, research, development, fielding, modernization, and maintenance of systems that ensure our navy’s undersea superiority. Financial: To succeed, how must we look to our constituents in terms of balanced budgets, revenue sources, and value? External: To achieve our vision and mission, how must we look to our customers on the dimensions of purpose, service, and quality? Internal: To satisfy our customers, at what business processes must we excel in order to decrease lag time, raise productivity, and lower costs? Employee learning and growth: To accomplish our vision and mission and support internal processes, what kind of staff and information systems do we need to foster innovation, continuous learning, and value in intellectual assets? Implementation levers 19

PEOPLE AND REWARDS People Successful CEOs “attended to people first [and] strategy second. They got the right people on the bus, moved the wrong people off, ushered the right people to right seats – and then they figured out where to drive it” Jim Collins Jet. Blue and Southwest Airlines both expend considerable effort making sure new hires will fit the firm Rewards Implementation levers 20

PEOPLE AND REWARDS People Rewards Reward systems have two components • Performance evaluation and feedback • Compensation (e. g. , salary, bonuses, stock, promotions, coveted office space) They can serve as a force of control over outcomes or behaviors GE which owns several unrelated companies, links division manager pay to the performance of the unit they manage Implementation levers 21

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP IS RESPONSIBLE FOR 2 KEY OBJECTIVES • Making substantive implementation lever and resource allocation decisions • Communicating the strategy to key stakeholders Strategic Leadership 22

RESOURCE ALLOCATION DECISIONS Resource dimensions in the airline industry Level of offering Major airlines Southwest Jet. Blue Most airlines mimic each other while Southwest and Jet. Blue follow decidedly different strategies Factors of competition Source: Adapted from W. C. Kim and R. Mauborgne, “Charting Your Company’s Future, “Harvard Business Review, June. 2002 23

STRATEGIC LEADERSHIP – COMMUNICATING WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS Convince top management of a new strategy (e. g. , Intel’s shift to microprocessors) Upward Win support of other units within the firm Across Managers must sufficiently communicate in 4 directions Outward Win cooperation of external stakeholders including customers and distributors (e. g. , Compaq failed to do this with retailers) Downward Enlist support of those who implement Strategic Leadership 24

THREE C’S OF STRATEGY COMMUNICATION C ontacts C ultural understanding C redibility 25

Examples Description STRUCTURAL OPTIONS Multinational configuration Resembles a decentralized federation much like the relationship between US federal government and 50 states SAP pre 1990 International configuration Coordinated group of federations over which more administrative control is exerted by home country headquarters SAP post 1990 Transnational configuration Global configuration Foreign offices are used to access customers, but demand is filled by centralized production Structure allows dispersion, specialization, and interdependence – networked control system Japanese companies 1970 s & 1980 s Mc. Donald’s Global and Dynamic contexts 26

FIRM RESPONSES TO DYNAMIC CONTEXTS Challenges of dynamic, high-veto city contexts Two common responses • Ambidextrous organization • Patching Global and Dynamic contexts 27

THE AMBIDEXTROUS ORGANIZATION Corporate Office Existing Business Manufacturing Sales Existing organization with historic implementation levers Structural barriers preventing interference and interactions between existing and emerging businesses Emerging Business R&D Manufacturing Sales R&D New organization develops its own levers consistent with the needs of the radical innovation Ambidextrous organizations establish units that are structurally independent from all other units. The emerging business units are to develop their own structures, processes, systems, cultures, strategies, etc. They are only integrated into the mother organization at the level of senior management Global and Dynamic contexts 28

PATCHING Example: HP Laser printing business Patching: regularly remapping businesses in accordance with changing market conditions and restitching them into internal business ventures New technologies New business unit Global and Dynamic contexts 29

SUMMARY 1 Understand the interdependence between strategy formulation and implementation 2 Demonstrate how to use organizational structure as a strategy implementation levers 3 Understand the use of systems and processes as strategy implementation levers 4 Identify the roles of people and rewards as implementation levers 5 Explain the dual roles that strategic leadership plays in strategy implementation 6 Understand how global and dynamic contexts affect the use of implementation levers 30

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