Chapter 1 The First Civilizations The Peoples

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Chapter 1 – The First Civilizations: The Peoples of Western Asia and Egypt

How do we know what we know? • New evidences always forthcoming • Much of what we know is based on conjecture

1 st Humans - Australopithecines • Hominids – lived 3 to 4 million years ago – Eastern and Southern Africa – Bipedal (walk upright) • Allowed them to move/travel – 1 st to make stone tools • Homo habilis discovered by the Leakeys – Larger brain and walked upright – Able to search for food better – Lived 1 to 4 million years ago

1 st Humans - Australopithecines • Homo erectus – 100, 000 to 1 million years ego – used more tools – Left Africa and moved into Europe and Asia

Homo sapiens • Means wise human – Two types: • Neanderthal 100, 000 -30, 000 B. C. E. – – Found in Europe and Middle East Buried dead – 1 st to do so Question of afterlife? Made clothes and killed for food • Homo sapiens 200, 000 B. C. E. – Anatomically modern humans – Africa

Why move? • Theory 1 states that people outgrew their hunting grounds • Theory 2 states that humans developed in other places outside of Africa – Most believe that life began in Africa and then migrated out of it

Hunter-Gathers of Paleolithic Age • Paleolithic 2, 500, 000 to 10, 000 BCE – Means old stone – Humans began to build tools • Became more sophisticated (spears, bow/arrows, harpoons, and fishhooks) – Nomadic - People gathered nuts, berries, fruits, and grains and hunted animals • Because of this, it is speculated that people lived in groups of 20 to 30 – Division of labor • Some argue that this means there was equality between men and women – Shelter – caves, animal hides with poles – Fire – allowed to stay warm and cook fire

Hunter-Gathers of Paleolithic Age • Two most important technological innovations 1. Fire 2. Tools • Why? – Human ability to change environment – Ability to change physically to survive

The Neolithic Revolution • Neolithic Revolution means new stone age • 10, 000 BCE • Revolution = agriculture – Planted grains and tamed animals – Gave up nomadic lifestyle and settled down • Mesolithic Age (middle stone age) – 10, 000 to 7000 BCE – Really the transitional period for agriculture

Areas of Agriculture • Middle East – barley, oats, pigs, cattle, goats • Europe – Middle East farming spread into Europe • Egypt – barley and oats • Central Africa – root crops (yams ) and tree crops (bananas) • China – rice • Mesoamerica – beans, squash, maize (corn)

Neolithic Farming Villages • Oldest in Middle East • Catal Hüyük (in modern Turkey) – Walled city – Mud brick homes – no streets because close together – Cultivated 12 products (fruits, nuts, three kinds of wheat) – Domesticated animals – Hunted but did not rely on it for survival – Food surpluses allowed for occupations to develop • Caused trade to develop – Religious - earth mothers

Consequences of Neolithic Revolution • Built homes for protection and storage – Development of armies • Division of labor – Artisans, farmers – Women and men • Men in fields away from home • Women at home raising family and caring for them • Importance of working outside the home became dominate (so men became dominate) • • Trade Cloth developed due to planting Invention of writing – records Metal working – tools, weapons – Bronze Age 3000 to 1200 BCE (came from western Asia mixing copper and tin together)

Emergence of Civilization • Civilization – complex culture in large numbers of people that share common elements • Basic characteristics – Urban focus – political, economic, social, and religious centers – New political and military structures – organized – Social structure based on economic power – class structure – Complexity – trade – Religious structure – gods essential to city’s success – Writing – record keeping – Artistic and Intellectual Activity – architecture

Earliest Civilization – Two Views • Earliest developed in Mesopotamia and Egypt – Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • India - Indus River traded with Mesopotamia areas • China – Yellow River • Believed that these 4 river systems were the only ones to create civilization

Earliest Civilization – Two Views • Contrasting View to Major 4 • Central Asia – had civilization with tools, writing, agriculture • Peru – Supe River Valley Caral

Why did Civilization Develop? • Challenges faced by humans forced them to work together • Material wants and goods caused people to gather together • Nonmaterial goods caused unity (religion) • Who knows?

Mesopotamia • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers overflowed and provided silt for land – Caused land to be rich • People manipulated the rivers • Sumerians – cities were Eridu, Uruk, Umma, and Lagash

Sumerians • City-states • Cities had walls and mud bricks • Ziggurat – religious center of city-state – Gods owned city and provided all wealth to it – Priests had great power maybe even ruled • Theocracy

Sumerians • Divine right to rule – kings were agents of the gods • Economy was agricultural – Did produce things like woolen textiles, pottery, metalwork – Imported tin, copper, and timber – Wheel invented which ease transportation 3000 BCE

Social Structure of Sumerian City. States Nobles – royal and priestly figures Commoners – nobles’ clients and free citizens (farmers, merchants, fishers, craftspeople) Slaves – mainly females to weave cloth and grind grain; rich landowners used for farming and domestic work

Akkadian Empire • Semitic people • Sargon, 2340 BCE, leader conquered Sumerian city-states • Controlled most of Mesopotamia until 1792 BCE when the Amorites controlled the area

Culture of Mesopotamia • Harsh climate and constant death = religious zealousness – Polytheism – Divination allowed humans to figure out what the gods wanted – Epic of Gilgamesh • Cuneiform writing – Scribal education – males, from wealthier families – Number system – geometry, astronomy

Egypt - Geography • Nile River – Longest in world – Annual flooding causing area to be fertile and predictable – Lower Egypt – where the river deposits into the Mediterranean Sea – Upper Egypt – upstream to the south – Small rural areas all around the Nile – Allowed communication and travel

Egypt - Geography • Natural barriers to invasions – Deserts to the east and west – Cataracts (rapids on southern part of Nile) – Mediterranean Sea to the north – Trade did develop

Old Kingdom 2686 to 2125 BCE White – upper Red – lower Together = Double Crown of Egypt • Menes first king of a royal dynasty united Upper and Lower Egypt • Built largest pyramid • Capital was Memphis • Pharaoh was ruling figure

Pharaoh • Absolute power but limited because of religion – Ma’at – truth and justice • Families originally helped but a bureaucracy developed – Vizier in charge of bureaucracy • Egypt divided into nomes/provides – Nomarch head of nome and reported to Vizier and Pharaoh

Middle Kingdom 2055 to 1650 BCE • Viewed as the Golden Age • Nomes were reorganized and rules stated • Pharaoh was viewed as a shepherd of the people and not an inaccessible god – Public works – Public welfare

Hierarchy of the Old and Middle Kingdoms Pharaoh – living god Ruling Class – Priests and Nobles Merchants and Artisans Peasants/Serfs – farmed and paid taxes through their crops to the Pharaoh

Culture of Egypt • Spiritual life – Polytheistic – Pharaoh was the son of sun god, Ra/Re – Osiris and Isis – resurrection – Mummification of dead – People had two bodies – one physical and spiritual called ka – By supplying the mummified body with material goods, the ka could come alive again

Culture of Egypt • Pyramids – 1 st done in Old Kingdom – Only for pharaohs – King Khufu built the Great Pyramid at Giza

Culture of Egypt • Hieroglyphics – form of writing for Egyptians • Paper was papyrus • Statues and writing had purpose for afterlife

From the Book of the Dead Anubis wears the Jackal head Green man is Osiris

New Kingdom • Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion of the Hyksos (from western Asia) – Used horse drawn chariots with wheels – Hyksos ruled for 100 years – Egyptians took bronze to make weapons and tools and war chariots

New Kingdom 1550 to 1085 BCE Temple at Deir el Bahri near Thebes • Used Hyksos technology to build a stronger and more massive Egypt • Queen Hatshepsut – 1 st female ruler – Expanded economy – Dressed as male pharaoh – Thutmosis III destroyed her images after her death –

Akhenaton/Akhenaten • Really Amehotep IV introduced the religion of Aten, worship of the sun disk – Attempt to decrease the power of the priests of Amon-Ra at Thebes – New capital Akhetaten – Religious changed failed – Akhenaton lost Syria and Palestine while trying to convert Egypt to the new religion – Akhenaton died and his religious changes were undone by his successor, Tutankhamen

Decline of Egypt • Ramses II regained Palestine – Very powerful warrior king – Lived until his 80 s – Lots of construction projects – Battle of Kadesh – lost – Created peace treaties – Had at least 100 children

Abu Simbel

KV 5 Burial of 28 Sons

Family and Marriage in Egypt • Pharaoh could have harem – Great Wife highest status • Original people were expected to marry young and maintain the home • Women could inherit and maintain property

Europe • Along Balkan area settlements were established • Megalithic structures were built

Indo-Europeans • Indo-European refers to language – Greek, Latin, Persian, Sanskrit, Germanic and Slavic – Probably started in the Black Sea or in southwestern Asia (Iraq or Afghanistan) – Moved out into Europe (Greece and Italy) • Hittites 1 st of Indo-Europeans to make iron weapons – Destroyed by invading tribes

Phoenicians • Lived in Palestine • Fall of the Hittite and Egyptian empires let the Phoenicians expand their trade along Mediterranean • Produced purple dye, glass, wine, and cedar • Settled in southern Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, and Carthage • Phoenician Alphabet passed to Greeks

Israel • Hebrews believed in monotheism • Nomadic people who descended from Abraham – Migrated from Mesopotamia to Palestine (children of Israel) – Drought caused them to leave and go to Egypt where they were enslaved by the Pharaoh – Exodus first ½ 13 th Century BCE – Reentered Palestine and had conflicts with the Philistines (people settled in Palestine coastal area) • Some scholars do not believe the accounts in the Hebrew Bible

Kingdom of Israel • Saul 1 st king battled the Philistines and later died – Chaos • David reunited Israelites and defeated the Philistines to control all of Israel – Made Jerusalem the capital – New system based on farming and urban life

David’s Successor • Solomon expanded political, military establishments, and trade – Built the Temple in Jerusalem housing the Ark of the Covenant – Solomon became unpopular

Divided Israel • • Two kingdoms established Northern tribes – Samaria Kingdom Southern tribes – Judah Kingdom Assyrians destroyed Samaria and sent Hebrews to other parts – 10 Lost Tribes of Israel • Judah also had to pay tribute to Assyria • Assyria was conquered by Chaldeans and they destroyed Jerusalem – Deported more Hebrews to Babylon – Persia conquered Chaldeans and allowed Hebrews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild temple – Alexander the Great will conquer this area

Hebrew Religion • Yahweh – Hebrew God – All powerful, omnipresent • Three big concepts – covenant, law, and prophets – Covenant – Exodus – Law – Ten Commandments – Prophets – religious teachers – Because of these three things, they could not accept pagan gods

Assyrian Empire • Assyrians were Semitic speaking – Land covered Mesopotamia, Iranian Plateau, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt • Too large led to decline • Used iron weapons • Leaders were absolute – Ashurbanipal greatest rule • Communication system efficient – posts with animals • Ninevah, capital, fell to Chaldeans in 612 BCE

Assyrian Empire • Conquests and maintenance of the empire – Military leaders and fighters • Well organized and discipline • Standing army • Use of guerilla and terror tactics • Ethnic differences did not matter because it was a polyglot society • Religion was a unifier • Economy – Mostly farms – no irrigation needed due to rain – Trade • Culture – hybrid of Sumerian and Babylonian

Persian Empire • Cyrus the Great – Controlled Medes (became satrapy/province) – Defeated Lydian Kingdom – Greek city-states on Ionian coast – Eastern part of the Iranian Plateau, Sogdia, and India – Captured Babylon and won the hearts of the people through vanity • Allowed Jews to leave and rebuild Temple – Used locals to help with running governments – Showed mercy to conquered

Persian Empire • Cambyses invaded Egypt • Darius added western India – Ionian area revolted • Darius reestablished control despite the Greeks receiving help from Athens • Invaded mainland Greece – Battle of Marathon 490 BCE – Persians lost – Largest empire at this point in history • Empire divided into 20 satrapies – Paid tribute – Satraps (governors) were like minikings – Royal Road - connected empire • Kings hoarded wealth and overtaxed the people – Major reasons for the decline of the empire

Persian Empire • Military – Standing army of different ethnicities – Immortals – elite force • Religion – Zoroastrian – monotheistic – Ahuramazda was the creator, gave free will – Ahriman was the evil spirit – Judgment at end of world

Discussion Questions • Why is the term “Neolithic or new stone age” misleading? • How did the advent of settled agriculture change human society? • Why were city-states at the center of the early stages of civilization? • Compare and contrast the Assyrian and Persian approaches to governing an empire.