Chapter 1 Before History 1 Copyright 2007

Forming the Complex Society n Basic development: q q q n n Hunting and Foraging Agriculture Complex Society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 BCE – 500 BCE 2 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Prehistory n n What is “history”? Documentation q q n Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or “natural” history) 3 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Development of Hominids n n Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves q q q Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures 4 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Australopithecus n n “the southern ape” – despite name a hominid Discovery of skeleton AL-288 -1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia q n n Nicknamed “Lucy” 40% of SWF, 3’ 5”, 55 lb. , bipedal, Brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit Estimated date of death: 3. 5 million years ago 5 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Later Hominids n n n Homo Erectus, “upright man” Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire Homo Sapiens, “consciously thinking human” Largest brain, esp. frontal regions most sophisticated tools and social organization Migrations of Homo Erectus and Homo Sapiens 6 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Global spread of hominids and Homo sapiens 7 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill

The Natural Environment n n By 13, 000 BCE Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world Archaeological finds: q Sophisticated tools n n Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunted several mammal species to extinction q Climactic change may have accelerated process 8 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Paleolithic Era (“Old Stone Age”) n Evidence: q q n Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization q q Groups of 30 -50 Division of labor along gender lines 9 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Relative Social Equality n Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of landbased wealth q q More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering 10 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Big Game Hunting n Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions q q q Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics n n Lighting of fires, etc. to drive game into kill zones Requires planning, communication 11 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Paleolithic Settlements n Natufian society q q n Jomon society q q n Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society q q n Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding Pacific Northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of 1000 or more 12 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Neandertal Peoples n n n Neander valley, western Germany Flourished in Europe & SW Asia, 200, 000 – 35, 000 years ago Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens 13 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Creativity of Homo sapiens n n n Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas Increased variety of tools – stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets The bow and arrow – a dramatic improvement in humans power over nature “Venus” figurines Cave paintings 14 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Neolithic Era (“New Stone Age”) n Distinction in tool production q n n n Chipped vs. polished Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurtured vegetation rather than foraging Spread of Agriculture q q q Slash-and burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another 15 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Origins and early spread of agriculture 16 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies

Agriculture and Population Growth 17 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission

Early Agricultural Society n n Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük – a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250 -5400 BCE q n Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts –pottery, metallurgy, and textile production 18 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Social Distinctions n n n Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük 19 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Neolithic Culture n n n Farmers closely observed the natural world – an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects q Fertility: Venus figurines 20 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Beginnings of Urbanization n n n Jericho: concentration of wealth, building a wall Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers Development of the city – a gradual process 21 Copyright © 2007 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.