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CH. 6 STUDENT NOTES THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC CH. 6 STUDENT NOTES THE CONSTITUTION AND THE NEW REPUBLIC

National Convention • Called by Alexander Hamilton – NY lawyer – Officer under GW National Convention • Called by Alexander Hamilton – NY lawyer – Officer under GW – Commercial questions • Annapolis Convention – only 5 showed • Call for Philadelphia Convention following year – Purpose to amend A of C – Supported by GW after Shays’ Rebellion – inspired other states to attend

Constitutional Convention • “for the sole and express purpose of revising the A of Constitutional Convention • “for the sole and express purpose of revising the A of C. ” – Yeah, not so much • 55 delegates; May-Sept. 1787 • All states (not so fast Rhode Island) • “Founding Fathers”: – Well-educated – Property-owning class – VA: James Madison, Edmund Randolph – key roles in structure

US CONSTITUTION – 1787 Framers needed to centralize power • Bridge between theory and US CONSTITUTION – 1787 Framers needed to centralize power • Bridge between theory and reality – Divides the national government into three branches – Describes the powers of those branches and their connections – Outlines the interaction between the government and the governed – Describes the relationship between the national government and the states – Is the supreme law of the land

The Constitution – An Overview • • 3 branches Checks & balances Majority rule, The Constitution – An Overview • • 3 branches Checks & balances Majority rule, minority rights Federalism = strong central gov’t w/ powers reserved for states Article I – legislative Article II – executive Article III – judicial • Article IV – states • Article V – amendment process • Article VI – national supremacy • Article VII – ratification • Amendments… starting with Bill of Rights

GREAT COMPROMISE • • • Grand Committee headed by BF “Great Compromise” July 1787 GREAT COMPROMISE • • • Grand Committee headed by BF “Great Compromise” July 1787 2 -tiered (bicameral) legislature Upper House – equal Lower House – based on population

The Great Compromise • Bicameral (two-house) legislature – House of Representatives with proportional representation The Great Compromise • Bicameral (two-house) legislature – House of Representatives with proportional representation – Senate with equal representation (2 per state, chosen by state legislatures until passage of 17 th Amendment) • Sometimes called the Connecticut Compromise Roger Sherman of Connecticut

CONGRESS • HOUSE – Representation in the House of Representatives would be apportioned according CONGRESS • HOUSE – Representation in the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to the population of each state (initially consisting of 56 members) • SENATE – Each state would be represented equally in the Senate (2 each) – Senators would be selected by their state legislatures, not by direct popular election

3/5 COMPROMISE Slave was 3/5’s as productive as a free worker and thus contributed 3/5 COMPROMISE Slave was 3/5’s as productive as a free worker and thus contributed ONLY 3/5’s as much wealth to the state

US CONSTITUTION • No tax on exports • No authority to stop slave trade US CONSTITUTION • No tax on exports • No authority to stop slave trade for 20 years • No definition of citizenship • Absence of individual rights

Voting, Religion, Slavery l Voting – depended on state – no universal male suffrage Voting, Religion, Slavery l Voting – depended on state – no universal male suffrage l Women – “civic virtue” “republican motherhood” l Virtuous citizenry guided by mothers – women achieved higher status for the purpose of creating a better society l Abigail Adams – “remember the ladies” l Religion – movement of separation l NY and some southern states disestablished Church of England l TJ (1786) Statue of Religious Freedom – complete separation b/t church and state l Slavery – outlawed in NE and PA; maintained in all southern states

ELECTORAL COLLEGE ELECTORAL COLLEGE

RATIFICATION • Must be approved by 9/13 states (Article VII) – ratifying conventions • RATIFICATION • Must be approved by 9/13 states (Article VII) – ratifying conventions • Factions formed over ratification • The Constitution placed obstacles b/t the people and the exercise of power • Federalists – in favor – GW, BF, AH, JM, JJ • Anti-Federalists – against – TJ, PH

Ratification Debate • Federalists vs. • Anti. Federalists Ratification Debate • Federalists vs. • Anti. Federalists

“Battle of Fears” • The Federalist Papers: Madison, Hamilton, Jay • Published under pseudonym “Battle of Fears” • The Federalist Papers: Madison, Hamilton, Jay • Published under pseudonym “Plubius” • Series of essays in favor of ratification • Anti-federalist concerns: • constitution too aristocratic • large republic not feasible • possible tyranny of national government • no specific protection of rights • Madison promises the Bill of Rights after ratification

ELECTION OF 1789 • Presiding officer at Constitutional Convention • Supported Federalists • John ELECTION OF 1789 • Presiding officer at Constitutional Convention • Supported Federalists • John Adams – 2 nd – VP • Inaugurated in NY - 4/30/1789

A NEW GOVERNMENT • March 4, 1789 – Congress met for 1 st time A NEW GOVERNMENT • March 4, 1789 – Congress met for 1 st time • George Washington unanimously elected president – “the event which I have long dreaded” – “summoned by my country” compelled to serve • Presidency defined by moderation and mediation • Vice presidency: most “insignificant office…ever…contrived. ” – John Adams

WASHINGTON’S CABINET An informal group of advisors Not in the Constitution – how GW WASHINGTON’S CABINET An informal group of advisors Not in the Constitution – how GW rolled 3 Departments: Department of State Secretary of State – TJ Priority: international alliances Department of Treasury Secretary of Treasury – AH Priority: stabilize aching financial infrastructure Department of War Secretary of War – Henry Knox

Washington’s Cabinet Alexander Hamilton & Thomas Jefferson Federalist Party Democratic-Republican Party Loose interpretation Strict Washington’s Cabinet Alexander Hamilton & Thomas Jefferson Federalist Party Democratic-Republican Party Loose interpretation Strict interpretation Supported a standing army Opposed a standing army Federal power States’ rights Favored Britain Favored France Favored a national bank Opposed a national bank Supported nullification Opposed nullification Merchants & bankers Farmers Leading politician President Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of State Member of Washington’s Cabinet His vice president was Aaron Burr He was killed by Aaron Burr Author of the Declaration of Independence Owned slaves Did not own slaves

HAMILTON’S VISION Revenue – critical need Congress enacted tariff – tax on imports Decrease HAMILTON’S VISION Revenue – critical need Congress enacted tariff – tax on imports Decrease foreign competition for American manufacturers Wanted to combine national and state debt $21 million (262 mil. today) National Bank of United States Funded by federal govt. and wealthy citizens Hamilton moved capital to DC to get southern support – Madison and Jefferson oppose Responsible for development and success of commercial capitalism

HAMILTON WANTED A DEBT!!!!!!! • “national debt, if it is not excessive, will be HAMILTON WANTED A DEBT!!!!!!! • “national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a great national blessing. ” – Federal taxing power – Respect and authority over states • First debate among Washington’s cabinet over Constitutionality – Necessary and proper clause: strict vs. loose construction – Hamilton’s argument convinced Washington – set precedent

REPUBLICAN ALTERNATIVE Jefferson (cabinet) and Madison – Congress - (Left Federalist b/c of elitist REPUBLICAN ALTERNATIVE Jefferson (cabinet) and Madison – Congress - (Left Federalist b/c of elitist monetary policy of Hamilton) Two-party system slowly developed (factions) Power of the federal government and the states Federalist (Hamiltonians) vs. Democratic Republicans (Jeffersonians)

WHISKEY REBELLION - 1794 • Hamilton’s excise tax in 1791 upset backcountry farmers…shocker • WHISKEY REBELLION - 1794 • Hamilton’s excise tax in 1791 upset backcountry farmers…shocker • PA vigilantes assaulted revenue collectors – Stole mail, stopped court proceedings, reeked havoc • GW proclaimed “Whiskey Boys” go home Militia and GW 15, 000 men – showed central gov. – Suppressed uprising w/o violence strength of

FOREIGN CONFLICT • • 1792 Washington reelected…obv. French Revolution main agenda American’s support idea FOREIGN CONFLICT • • 1792 Washington reelected…obv. French Revolution main agenda American’s support idea of French, but not war Economic stability relied on equal trade – HAMILTON’S FINANCIAL SYSTEM WOULD COLLAPSE! • Technically allies with France • Washington’s neutrality proclamation – “friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers”

Citizen Edmond Genet • French ambassador • Sought aid of Americans to attack British Citizen Edmond Genet • French ambassador • Sought aid of Americans to attack British & Spanish ships • Denounced by President Washington

JAY’S TREATY - 1794 • Britain, Spain, Holland (ALL monarchies) at war with French JAY’S TREATY - 1794 • Britain, Spain, Holland (ALL monarchies) at war with French Republic • Neutrality caused conflict with British trade – Federalists – supported Great Britain (order) – Republicans – supported France (liberty) • John Jay (Chief Justice – Federalist) appointed by GW – Treaty b/t US and GB • Increased trade; averted war • British Northwest territory • Ended in 1803 – Jefferson’s embargo • American public said no bueno >: -(

PINCKNEY’S TREATY -1795 • US minister Pinckney treaty with Spain – – America southern PINCKNEY’S TREATY -1795 • US minister Pinckney treaty with Spain – – America southern boundary at 31 st parallel Free navigation of the Mississippi No inciting Indian attacks Use of New Orleans port without customs duty • Popular treaty w/ little opposition b/c of MS River use

TRANSFER OF POWER Washington ONLY served 2 terms Retired to Mount Vernon (died in TRANSFER OF POWER Washington ONLY served 2 terms Retired to Mount Vernon (died in 1799) FAREWELL ADDRESS: Domestic – unity among states; party politics increases liberty – WARNED AGAINST PARTY Foreign – neutrality and fairness

The First Two-Party System Issue Federalists Government: State or national? National Interpretation of the The First Two-Party System Issue Federalists Government: State or national? National Interpretation of the Constitution: Strict or Loose? Democratic-Republicans State Questions 1) Why does the Electoral College encourage a twoparty system rather than a multiparty system? 2) Explain how Thomas Jefferson’s election in the “revolution” of 1800 changed the way the federal (national) government operated. Tariffs, Banks & Business or farming? Banks: National or State? Defense: Standing Army or Militias? Foreign Policy: Support Britain or Support France? Regions of Support: N, S, E, W? Nullification More important: Order or Liberty? Party Leaders & Presidents

“FIRST PARTY SYSTEM” HAMILTON • Diversified capitalist economy, agriculture balanced by commerce and industry “FIRST PARTY SYSTEM” HAMILTON • Diversified capitalist economy, agriculture balanced by commerce and industry • Feared anarchy; loved order • Strong central government run by elite JEFFERSON • Feared growth of crowded cities divided into a capitalistic aristocracy depriving working class • Feared tyranny; loved liberty • Decentralized agrarian republic

John Adams Mass. lawyer; Harvard educated; vane; leader in Revolution, American diplomat; VP under John Adams Mass. lawyer; Harvard educated; vane; leader in Revolution, American diplomat; VP under Washington Ideas b/t Hamilton and Jefferson Always felt underappreciated "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived. " 1 st President to live in White House Died July 4, 1826; same as TJ (50 years after Declaration of Independence signed

XYZ Affair - 1798 Result of conflict b/t US and France refused to receive XYZ Affair - 1798 Result of conflict b/t US and France refused to receive American envoy and had suspended commercial relations (trade) Sent Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry to negotiate Agents of Foreign Minister Tallyerand (labeled X, Y, Z in report to Congress) to demanded $250, 000 bribe Nation broke out into what Jefferson called "the X. Y. Z. fever” – gross objection to French Department of Navy created 1798 Undeclared naval war for 2 years

The Quasi War • Piracy, small naval battles • Convention of 1800 – ends The Quasi War • Piracy, small naval battles • Convention of 1800 – ends the Quasi War, but terminates US alliance with France against Britain • U. S. is now neutral, following Washington’s farewell advice

Alien and Sedition Acts Proposed by Federalists in Congress, backed by Adams French and Alien and Sedition Acts Proposed by Federalists in Congress, backed by Adams French and Irish immigrants identified as Republican 4 provisions: Naturalization Act: 5 to 14 years for citizenship Alien Act: empowered President to deport “dangerous” aliens Alien Enemy Act: empowered President in time of declared war to expel or imprison enemy aliens at will Sedition Act: conspiracy against legal measures of government, high misdemeanor Forbade writing, publishing, speaking, against government or officers of government Republican response: KENTUCKY AND VA RESOLUTIONS – acts unconstitutional State-compact theory – Constitution arose as a compact among states, states could nullify questionable acts of Congress Acts eventually repealed

Nullification • Jefferson and many states oppose the Alien & Sedition Acts • Virginia Nullification • Jefferson and many states oppose the Alien & Sedition Acts • Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions call the act “null and void” • States vs. federal government: who wins? . . . • …principle remained untested because Adams lost next election to Jefferson

Election of 1800 • Jefferson wins • “Revolution of 1800”… peaceful transfer of power Election of 1800 • Jefferson wins • “Revolution of 1800”… peaceful transfer of power • Democratic. Republicans take over executive, legislative