Ch 31 Decolonization A New Nations South

Ch. 31: Decolonization

A. New Nations South & S. E. Asia: 1946: The Philippines 1947: India (Gandhi & Nehru) & Pakistan 1948: Burma & Malaysia 1949: Indonesia (Sukarno) Middle East: Africa: 1932: Iraq 1944: Syria 1946: Jordan 1948: Israel 1922: Egypt (Nasir) 1951: Libya 1960: Congo (Lumamba) 1962: Algeria 1963: Kenya (Kenyatta)

Decolonization in Africa

B. Patterns of Decolonization: 1. Violent Revolutions & Civil War: China, Algeria, Angola, & Vietnam 2. Non-Violent Independence: India, Ghana, & Turkey (Kemal Ataturk) 3. BOTH violent & non-violent: Kenya, Congo, Egypt, & South Africa * Guatemala (1954): CIA overthrows the Guatemalan President who attempted to take land from the U. S. -owned United Fruit Co.

C. Algeria Goals: independence from French Rule Arab Nationalism Methods: FLN (National Liberation Front) used violence, guerilla warfare, terrorism, torture 8 year civil war (1954 -1962)

D. Sub-Saharan Africa Independence 1. Less violent overall, but suffered from: arbitrarily drawn borders dependence on export crops lack of roads & railroads *Egyptian coup led by Gamal Abdel Nasser: nationalized Suez Canal (1956)…war w/ Israel 2. African National Congress (ANC) leaders: Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta

Kwame Nkrumah & Jomo Kenyatta

E. Race Conflict in Africa Race conflict severe in southern Africa: Portuguese colonies of Angola & Mozambique British colony of Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) South Africa (Apartheid system)

F. The “Third” World 1. “Third World”= newly decolonized “nonaligned” countries within the “bipolar” Cold War 2. 1955: Bandung Conference meeting of 29 African & Asian countries by the Indonesian President Sukarno - role of Soviets & U. S. ?

II. Chinese Cultural Revolution 1. 1949: communist victory by Mao Zedong & creation of People’s Republic of China (PRC) 2. 1958: Mao’s “Great Leap Forward” to industrialize PRC 3. 1966: Cultural Revolution (creation of Red Guard units to purge dissidents… 3 million killed)

III. The Middle East 1. Arab-Israeli conflict: 1947: U. N. Partition into Jewish & Palestinian land 1948: creation of Israel…war w/ Arabs 1967: Six-Day War…led to creation of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) by Yasir Arafat Munich Olympics hostage

2. Middle East Oil: oil-producing states formed OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - monopoly on oil supply - Yom Kippur War (1973) against Israel led OPEC to embargo oil to U. S. for supporting Israel…

IV. Global Environmental Concerns 1. Overpopulation fears - “Green Revolution”: agricultural tech increased food supply - overuse of pesticides/herbicides - Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring 2. Industrial & Nuclear Waste - 1970: Earth Day

Outline: I. Thesis (2 -3 sentences) II. Economic III. Social IV. Political *1 diff. & 1 similarity for each)

Thesis?

Thesis?

Thesis?