Ch 10 — Sectionalism Differences by mid

Ch. 10 - Sectionalism

Differences by mid 1800’s n North - More industries - Larger cities - Better Transportation and communication (Railroads & telegraph) - More wealth - Immigrants became industrial workers & feared expansion of slavery - Larger population (gave north control of House of Representatives) n South - Remained rural (Plantations & Small farms) - Economy relied on cash crops (Cotton) - Manufactured under 10% of U. S. goods - Few immigrants (enslaved African Americans met labor needs) - In 3 states, Blacks were majority & half in 2 others - Whites fear restriction of slavery would change society & economy

Differences Between The North & South Northern States Southern States Population 21. 5 million 9 million Number of 110, 100 Factories Miles of Railroad 21, 700 20, 600 Bank Deposits $207 million $47 million Cotton Production 4 thousand bales 5 million bales 9, 000

Slavery and Racism Abolitionist movement gained strength - People felt slavery was morally wrong and paralyzed economic growth n Many southerners agreed that slavery was morally wrong - Backed slavery because they didn’t know any other way for blacks and whites to live together in society n Racism existed in both the north and south - African- Americans could not vote, serve on juries or hold high public offices - African-Americans in the north lived in poverty n

Wilmot Proviso - Proposed by Pennsylvanian Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 as an amendment to a military appropriations bill Stated that no slavery would be allowed in territory acquired from Mexico n North supported - Were afraid slavery would mean no jobs for free workers - Northerners wanted all of the land obtained from Mexico to be free states n South opposed - Argued that slaves were property under Constitution & feared more free states -South worried it would lose control of the government - Needed the free and slave states to be equal

Mexican War Impact n Free Soil Party – - new political party formed that demanded the end of slavery - Wanted Congress to give western settlers free homesteads - Opposed extension of slavery into territories - Many Free-Soilers weren’t abolitionists; supported restrictions on blacks - Objected to slavery’s impact on white wage-based labor force - Convinced of conspiracy to spread slavery throughout U. S. By 1850 – As a result of the Gold Rush, California skipped the Territorial Phase of becoming a state n California asked to enter the Union as a free state - South wanted it divided into two states (Why? ) n The Senate begins to debate the admission of these states as free states – south begins to discuss secession! n

Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay presented the plan n California entered the Union as free state n Rest of the Mexican Cession was divided into the territories of Utah and New Mexico Popular Sovereignty Policy – people in territories would decide for themselves n Slave trade was abolished in Washington D. C. but slavery permitted. n

Compromise of 1850 n Fugitive Slave Law - passed – people in free states had to help catch and return runaway slave - Alleged fugitives denied jury trial, right to testify on own behalf - Federal commissioners paid more for returning than freeing accused - People convicted of helping a fugitive were fined, imprisoned, or both n Neither the north or south liked the compromise

Slavery Divides Whigs n Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in 1852 elections - Candidate Winfield Scott and northern Whigs opposed the Fugitive slave Act and gave only lukewarm support to the Compromise of 1850 - Southern Whigs supported the Compromise to appear both proslavery & pro-union n Democrat Franklin Pierce elected president in 1852

Formation of Political Parties PARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor Know Nothing 1854 (American Party) 1834 Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic Republican 1854 (Horace Greely Opposed expansion of slavery into territories Democratic 1840 (Democratic. Republican) States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery Whig Pro-business Divided on Slavery

Underground Railroad Northerners sent fugitives to Canada, some use force in rescues Personal liberty laws in 9 northern states forbid prison for fugitives & granted them jury trials n Underground Railroad—secret network of people who help slaves escape - Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, becomes conductor on 19 trips - Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols - Some fugitives stayed in North; others went on to Canada n n

Uncle Tom’s Cabin n n Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a book telling about the cruel treatment of a slave Caused many Americans to begin supporting the abolitionist movement Stowe pointed out that slavery was not just the South's problem, but the nation’s problem Uncle Tom’s Cabin showed slavery as moral problem, not just political

Kansas- Nebraska Act n n n Senator Stephen Douglas (Illinois) - wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to California - It would have to cross the unorganized territory of the Great Plains Act called for the creation of two new territories (KS & NB) - Both were north of the Missouri Compromise line Douglas’s bill repealed Missouri Compromise; bitter debate ensues Act passed with support of the south 1854 - Kansas-Nebraska Act – popular sovereignty Whig Party splintered after Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Formation of Political Parties PARTY ESTABLISHED PLATFORMS Free Soil 1848 Anti extension of slavery Pro Labor Know Nothing 1854 (Nativists) Anti-Immigration Anti-Catholic Whig 1834 Pro-business Divided on Slavery Republican 1854 (Horace Greely) 1840 (Democratic. Republican) Opposed expansion of slavery into territories Democratic States Rights Limited Government Divided on slavery

Bleeding Kansas n n n n Kansas became battleground over slavery Northern, Southern settlers pour into Kansas Territory Most settlers sent by antislavery emigrant aid societies More antislavery settlers (free soilers) than proslavery 1855 - Kansas holds election for territorial legislature Proslavery Missourians crossed the border (Border Ruffians) and stuffed ballot boxes on election day Each side boycotted the election Set up 2 governments - Proslavery Govt in Lecompton - Antislavery Govt in Topeka

Bleeding Kansas n n May 1856 – proslavery group attacked Lawrence burned stores and home (several died) John Brown led antislavery group that killed 5 proslavery settlers “The Pottawatomie Massacre” Territory called Bleeding Kansas for incidents that kill some 200 1857 Lecompton Constitution, Constitution - 2 nd constitution drafted for Kansas Territory - proslavery supporters - Permitted slavery & excluded free blacks from living in Kansas - Allowed only male citizens of the United States to vote. - There were three separate votes - the final vote, residents of Kansas Territory rejected the Lecompton Constitution.

Violence in the Senate n n n Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacked his colleagues for their support of slavery in Kansas - Insulted aged South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler for beliefs and impaired speech Congressman Preston S. Brooks beat Sumner with his cane for insulting his uncle - Caused shock and brain damage Southerners applauded Brooks & Northerners condemned him

The 1856 Election n n Republicans select John C. Frémont (mapped OR Trail, led troops in CA) Know-Nothing party split - Northerners endorsed Fremont - Southerners selected former U. S. presidents Millard Fillmore Democrats - James Buchanan of PN - Most of his Washington friends were southerners - Had been out of the country during the Kansas-Nebraska Act South was prepared to secede form the union if Republicans won James Buchanan elected secession averted

Dred Scott Decision n n 1857 – Dred Scott sued for freedom Had lived in north with his master before returning to the south Said that made him a free man after his master’s death Supreme Court ruled that Scott was still a slave - Congress cannot forbid slavery in territories - Also said that Congress couldn’t ban slavery - Only states could Big victory for proslavery people

Lincoln-Douglas Debates • 1858, Republican Abraham Lincoln ran for Stephen Douglas’s Senate seat • Because Lincoln’s unknown, challenges Douglas to debates n Douglas believed slavery was backward & unsuitable for prairie agriculture - He didn’t think it was immoral - Wanted popular sovereignty to decide issue (thought it would undo slavery) n Lincoln believed slavery was immoral - Lincoln though legislation needed to stop spread of slavery

Lincoln-Douglas Debates n n 2 nd Debate - Lincoln asked how to form free states if territories must allow slavery Douglas’s issued Freeport Doctrine that explained how a territory could get around the Dred Scott decision - Elect leaders who do not enforce slavery Douglas won the seat but doctrine worsened regional split between Democrats Lincoln’s attacks on “vast moral evil” of slavery drew national attention

John Brown’s Attack at Harpers Ferry n n n Brown was an antislavery leader who wanted to start a slave rebellion October 1859 – Brown led a group to attack the U. S. arsenal at Harper Valley, Virginia - Planned to give the weapons to the slaves and start an uprising - U. S. Marines put down rebellion, capture Brown The north praised Brown and saw him as a hero The attack terrified the south Southerners become angry at the North's response - Ask how they could share the same government with people who regard John Brown as a hero

Election of 1860 Democratic Party split - North supported Stephen Douglass - South supported John C. Breckinridge n Republican candidate was Abraham Lincoln n 4 th party Constitutional Union Party candidate was John Bell - Wanted a compromise to save the union) n • Two different elections - South election was between Breckinridge and Bell - North was between Douglass and Lincoln Abraham Lincoln won the election with only 40 % of the popular vote (carried the more populous northern states - Wasn’t even on part of the southern ballots • Lincoln had never called for ending slavery he just didn’t want it to spread - Lincoln told south he wouldn’t meddle with slaves

Election of 1860 n South became angry that president could be elected without any southern electoral votes they feared they had lost control; of the government - 18 free states and 15 slave states - Felt threatened that slavery would be abolished

Southern States Secede n Dec. 20 1860 – South Carolina seceded from the union – Said it voluntarily joined the union it could voluntarily leave – Other southern states leave the union in next 6 weeks – Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

The Confederacy Established n n n February 1861 - the seceding states form a new nation ( The Confederate States of America) Former senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi unanimously elected president - Davis said that slavery was necessary for agriculture and the wants of the civilized man Alexander Stephens of Georgia was elected vice-president Only 25% of the people in the south owned slaves Other 75 % fought battle to defend system because they felt it gave them an advantage over blacks

The Calm Before the Storm n n n President Buchanan called secession illegal - Also said it was illegal to stop it Mass resignations from government in Washington, D. C. (Southern city) Some people thought the federal government was melting away Abraham Lincoln didn’t take office until March 1961 Would North allow the South to leave the union without a fight?

The Calm Before the Storm In late December 1860 three commissioners from the newly seceded state of South Carolina met with lame-duck President Buchanan to negotiate for possession of Fort Sumter, a federal installation in Charleston Harbor. Buchanan's attempts to stay the situation and South Carolina governor Francis Pickens's insistence on Union evacuation of the fort are ridiculed here. Pickens (left) holds a lit fuse to a giant Union cannon "Peacemaker, " which is pointed at his own abdomen. He threatens, "Mr. President, if you don't surrender that fort at once, I'll be "blowed" if I don't fire. " Buchanan (right) throws up his hands in alarm and cries, "Oh don't! Governor Pickens, don't fire! till I get out of office. " In the background a steamer makes its way across Charleston Harbor toward Fort Sumter. The print probably appeared early in 1861, amid mounting tensions over the fate of the fort and uneasy relations between Washington and South Carolina.