Ch 1 -2 Notes American History I

Ch 1 -2 Notes American History I

Native Culture and Lifestyle ► ► Nomadic OR Sedentary Gender Roles § ► ► Eastern Woodlands n n Women shared in labor except hunting n Animism Hunting and Agriculture (fur, corn, beans, squash) Hopewell Iroquois ► n Hunting (buffalo) Sioux Southwest n n n § Hunting and Agriculture Great Plains n ► Algonquian Mississippian n ► Agriculture (corn) Anasazi/Pueblo Stone and adobe structures Pacific Northwest n n Hunting and fishing (salmon) Cedar forests § Cahokia, c. 1100 CE Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Cayugas, Senecas Totem poles

World Collide Christopher Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. 30 days at sea (approx. ) then hits lands, confused about his location This spawned the following system: n n n n Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw materials (gold, soil, lumber).

World Collide--Effects Of huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, we traded life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. Columbian Exchange: n n n From the New World (America) to the Old n n n corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis From the Old World to the New n n cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians had no immunities. n The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations. n An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease.

European Colonization n n God Glory Gold Spain n n France n n Jacques Cartier (1534) Dutch n n Christopher Columbus (1492) Henry Hudson (1609) England n Charter Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Royal Colonies

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) n n n 1494 – Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time)

Spanish in America n n In service to God but also in search of Glory and Gold Conquistadors Purpose Catholic Jesuit Purpose Impact on Interaction with Native Americans? ? What do you think?

The French in America-stop Royal Colonies ► Jesuits and Catholic Conversion ► Fur Trade ► § ► Coureurs de Bois (runner of the woods) Native Relations § § § Trade Networks Alliances Intermarriage

Colonies? n n n 1 st try for English colony is off the coast of Newfoundland, promoter of colony, Sir Humphrey Gilbert dies at sea but WR decides to try again in a warmer climate 1585 Roanoke Island (off NC/VA coasts), named area Virginia after the Queen Colony vanishes….

Joint Stock Company n n n By the 1600 s, the joint-stock company was perfected. In this type of company, people invest money with hopes and expectations the company will do well. Thus the investor will make money as a share-owner. n n The benefit of the joint-stock company is that they can generate large amounts of start-up money to get a company going. The joint-stock company is the forerunner of today’s corporation

Jamestown n n 1606 Virginia Company of London gets charter from King James I for settlement Main goal is GOLD! n n Pressure put on colonists to get Gold above all else, will cause problems Charter of VA Co of London important! n n Guarantees settlers same rights as Englishmen, trend will continue and cause problems later on…. . **Example of colonists allowed rights*

Jamestown n n Leave 1606, land in Chesapeake Bay attacked by NA’s Move up to river. Lots of mosquitoes = malaria. Name river in honor of King May 24, 1607 make land fall, 100 men only 40 died on the boat ride over. MAJOR FAILURE

Why Jamestown Failed n n n Why? Problems then emerged including (a) the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever, (b) “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), and (c) there were zero women on the initial ship

Help? n n n 1609, second group arrives, BUT supplies and leaders lost in shipwreck off Bermuda Settlers die of malnutrition and starvation, food is there but goal is GOLD not food Irony—actually was enough food stuffs and supplies to be successful if the men weren’t so lazy. Booo!!!

John Smith n n Credited with saving colony Takes over in 1608 “He who does not work does not eat” Pocahontas and Powhatan tribe n n NA’s give some help and food to settlers n n Eat anything and everything (shoe leather, rats, horses, etc) 1610 plan to give up and go home but help arrives in form of Lord De La Warr n n But they still die in large numbers “Starving Time” Winter of 1609 -1610 n n Fact vs Fiction Imposes Marshall Law and takes anti-NA attitude Disease still is a major problem. n 1625 1200 left out of 8000 that came

Destruction of Native Peoples n 3 main reasons: n n n 1. Disease 2. Disorganization 3. Disposability n n n Can’t use them, hard to enslave, but need for food Native Americans stand in way of getting land Does lead to some banding together of Natives Trade networks = some success Have to adjust to more and more whites who always want more and keep changing the rules of the game

Virginia and Tobacco n John Rolfe, perfects tobacco in 1612 n n All of Virginia switches to planting tobacco, they plant it EVERYWHERE n n n It is THE focus Use $ from tobacco to import food But need more land to plant more tobacco continue to push further west n n Europeans go crazy for the golden leaf! Tobacco is bad for the soil, also a factor Need more and more labor….

Tobacco and Labor n n Original source of labor is Indentured Servants and NOT slaves 1619 1 st slaves arrive on a Dutch ship n n Historical records are unclear Slaves are VERY expensive so not used by most colonists 1650, 300 slaves 1700, make up 14% of population

House of Burgessesn n n VA created representative self-government, House of Burgesses (H o B) Look for seeds that link to Revolution (so far 2, VA company charter and Ho. B) King James dislikes what is going on, feels out of power n 1624 revokes VA co charter and makes a royal colony, now he controls and makes $$

Tobacco and Labor n n n By 1700 export 40 million lbs of tobacco To keep making money farmers plant as much tobacco as possible. High Demand High Supply Headright System: allows planter to buy 50 acres of land at a very cheap price IF he sponsors and ID. Planters do this, more and more land going to rich and less available for IDs when service is up. Will cause problems later on Use IDs less and less, don’t want to share land. Need a new labor source….

Bacon’s Rebellion n n Newly freed male IDs getting very, very bitter. Served their time but still can’t get land (or get married, lack of ladies) 1642 William Berkley becomes Gov. of VA, in first years gets settlers more land when signs a treaty with the NA’s giving England most of land east of Blue Ridge. Also states whites can’t go further west (very popular with NAs, no so much with whites)

Bacon’s Rebellion n 1640 -1660, VA has population growth, increases from 8, 000 to 40, 000, English begin to violate treaty H of B only available to white, landed, men. Elections are rare and “west” was underrepresented “west” begins to feel ignored

Bacon’s Rebellion n n n n 1675, fighting in west between NA’s and whites, Nathaniel Bacon (leader and seat in H of B) asks Gov. Berkley for military help Berkley says NO! Bacon gathers his own army to fight NA’s. Berkley gets mad and calls the army rebels Bacon marches his army to Jamestown, Twice 1 st time, gets pardon from Berkley 2 nd time, Berkley takes back pardon and Bacon burns Jamestown, Berkley goes into exile Bacon dies of dysentery and Berkley gets back control FAIL! 1677, NA’s sign new treaty giving up more land

Puritans n n n n n 1530 s, King Henry VII, broke from Catholic Church to form Church of England (Anglican) Group develops within the C of E who want to “purify” the C of E, Puritans Really like concept of visible saints Believe that only those who are visible saints should be allowed church membership and all its perks Did not like the idea that everyone was welcome at church, the saved sat with the unsaved. Small group of Puritans were really, really bothered by this and vowed to break away from the C of E, Separatists James I saw this as a threat to his power and act against him, says the Separatists have to GO! He had some leverage as the Separatists said James I had gone against the bible, which ironically now bore his name Remember: “All Separatists are Puritans but not all Puritans are Separatists. ” 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24

Pilgrims n n 1608, Holland Group of Seps that had fled GB 12 yrs previously, wanted to be in a place where they could practice faith freely, but wanted to be English and Dutch Needed a new place where they could practice faith and be Englishmen Negotiated with VA Co to go to America 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25

Pilgrims n n Mayflower, goal was to go to VA but end up off coast of New England 1620 102 on board, 1 dies on the way, 1 is born, less than ½ were Separatists Capt Myles Standish, prominent figure non-Sep. Finally decide to set up shop at Plymouth Bay n 3/18/2018 Since settle outside given district are actually squatters with no right to land copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26

Mayflower Compact n n n Before leaving ship set up Mayflower Compact Agreement to a basic form of gov’t, follow a majority rule Signed by 41 males, male only gov’t 1 st form of self-government in New England Will be a factor later on towards Revolution, history of self-gov’t (H of B, VA Co Charter) 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27

Pilgrim Life…. n n Winter 1620 -21, very bad only 44 of 102 survive (want to stay, unlike Jamestown who were ready to quit) Fall 1621 good harvest, thanks to help from Massaoits, 1 st “thanksgiving”’ n n William Bradford-elected Governor n n n Trade goods (lumber, fur, fish) (basis of economy) Wins 30 elections Worries that non-Puritans in group would corrupt the “Godly experiment” 1691, population of 7, 000, will eventually merge with the MA Bay colony (had a legal charter) 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28

Massachusetts Bay Colony n n n *Remember Separatists are extreme Puritans, more “moderate” Puritans exist 1629 group of Non-Sep Puritans given royal charter to form MA Bay Company (Bible Commonwealth) Want to set up a colony in MA Boston will become major town/port 1630, 11 ships, 1, 000 people, largest scale to date Well equipped, ready for this. 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 29

MA Bay Colony--stop n n n During “Great Migration”, 70, 000 Puritans left, 20, 000 to MA (many also went to Barbados) John Winthrop 1 st governor (elected for 19 yrs) n n “City Upon Hill”- beacon to humanity of how to live as God wants Economy based on fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 30

Puritan Life and Mores n n n Very strict moral code, clear of right and wrong, and what is the consequences were Sumptuary Laws- repressive laws to prevent immorality (no kissing in public) Devil was very real and a serious threat, must be on guard at all times n 3/18/2018 Michael Wigglessorth, “Day of Doom” copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 31

Trouble at MA Bay…. n n n Social harmony in the early years but dissention does begin to occur Anne Hutchinson—claimed that living a holy life was no sure sign of salvation Theory is called antinomianism, if predestination is true, they a person’s actions don’t matter (because it was already determined where you were going) HERESY!!! Challenges: n n n 3/18/2018 Political control---why obey gov’t if laws don’t matter Religious control—why obey church if laws don’t matter Women aren’t supposed to have a voice copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 32

Results…. n n n 3/18/2018 1638 put on trial Said her ideas came from God (even worse, God didn’t talk to women) Expelled from colony Left on foot for Rhode Island Eventually ends up in NY, family is killed by Native Americans Puritans believe it showed God was unhappy with her copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 33

Roger Williams n n n Minister in Salem, extreme Separatist Wanted a full break from C of E Believed MA Bay Charter exploited the Native Americans Civil Law can’t enforce God’s Law (uh-oh!) 1635 Banished! 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 34

Roger Williams results… n n n Flees to what becomes Rhode Island Built the first Baptist church in the US Allowed complete religious freedom for all Colony becomes a “catch-all” for those not accepted in other colonies Squatter colony at first but gets charter from Great Britain, 1644 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 35

Puritans vs Native Americans n n n Disease kills 3/4 ths of the population Sign peace treaty with Wampanoags Want to convert them…not always welcome…. 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 36

Pequot War-stop n n n n CT, 1637 Pequots fight with colonists Colonists form alliance with Narragansett, enemies of the Pequots May 1637, 90 English Colonists and Narragansett surround Pequot fort on Mystic River Set fort on fire and shot Pequots as they ran out Narragansett are so shocked, break alliance Only 5 of 400 Pequots survive 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 37

King Philip’s War n n n n Spring 1675, Native Americans led by Metacom (Chief of Wampanoag tribe), aka. King Philip (by the English) leads random attacks on English villages in New England An attempt to unite local Native tribes Colonists strike back Fight for about 2 years Native Americans are finally killed off because of food shortages, diseases, etc 1/10 of colonists men of military age were killed https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=7 g. Xv. UPq. LEug 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 38

The Results…. n n n Metacom’s wife and son sold into slavery He is completely defeated, village surrounded and destroyed Metacom beheaded, drawn and quartered, He put on a pike in Plymouth (for years) 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 39

New Netherland n n Henry Hudson, major Dutch explorer Dutch West India Company, focus on the Caribbean, also has posts in Africa and Brazil n n n Main good was sugar 1623 -1624 Hudson River area (NY), set up permanent colony, New Netherlands Established fur trade 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 40

Pennsylvania n n Quakers (out of GB mid-1600 s), Religious Society of Friends (“quaked” with emotion) Refuse to pay taxes to C of E, had no paid clergy, own meeting houses, all could speak up in service, kept hats on, all equal children of God, take no oaths, no warfare or military service, “passive resistance” 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 41

William Penn n n 1681 gets grant from king who owed his dad a debt, called land Pennsylvania Very well advertised colony, does very well All are welcome Squatters already living on some of the land, various nationalities, Carefully plan major city, Philadelphia Tries to treat Native Americans as equals but non-Quakers living in the area don’t do so No taxes or state supported church No slavery Unrestricted Immigration Freedom of religion except Jews and Catholics Death penalty only for murder or treason 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 42

Middle Colonies n n n New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania Good Soil and large tracts of land All, except Delaware, export grain, “Bread Colonies” Mix of New England Southern cultures Mixed economy 3/18/2018 copyright 2006 Free template from brainybetty. com ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 43