Case study Role of the NEPIO in the

Case study: Role of the "NEPIO" in the Beginning of the Finnish Nuclear Programme Ami Rastas Consultant Technical Meeting / Workshop on Evaluation Methodology for Nuclear Power Infrastructure Development, Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 1

Initial Milestones of the Finnish Nuclear Energy Programme • ”Atoms for Peace” speech by president Dwight D. Eisenhower in UN General Conference • Plan by academician A. I. Virtanen ( a Nobel prize winner) for the Science Academy of Finland to establish an Atomic Energy Committee • Letter signed by academician A. I. Virtanen to the Government to establish an Atomic Energy Committee • Govenment established an Energy Committee December 8, 1953 December 13, 1954 March 16, 1955 March 24, 1955 Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 2

Members of the Energy Committee E. Laurila, chairman H. Frilund Professor of Technical Physics in the Helsinki University of Technology Professor, EKONO (Energy Consulting Company) W. Lehtinen CEO, Enso-Gutzeit (Paper manufacturing company) H. Lehtonen CEO, Imatran Voima (Electrical utility) J. Salin Professor, Åbo Academi (University) A. Solin CEO, Tampella (Metal industry company) A. I. Virtanen Chairman of the Science Academy of Finland E. Kinnunen Chief director, Ministry of Trade and Industry P. Jauho, general secretary Professor of Nuclear Physics in the Helsinki University of Technology Director, EKONO (Energy Consulting Company) B. Nordqvist, secretary Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 3

Main Tasks of the Energy Committee • Prognosis for energy demand supply in Finland until the 70 s • Survey of nuclear power plant technologies and economic competitiveness • Model for research, education and training arrangements in nuclear technology Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 4

Finnish Delegations Abroad in 1955 -1956 • • Five delegates participated in the First International Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy in Geneva in August 1955 Chairman of the Energy Committee made a fact-finding trip to national labs, universities and vendors in USA in September. November 1955 A Finnish delegation participated in a Nordic congress on nulear physics and technology in Stockholm in November 1955 A Finnish delegation made a trip to nuclear research centers in Soviet Union in September 1956 Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 5

Report of Energy Committee to the Ministry of Trade and Industry, September 11, 1956 • • • Prognosis for electricity production until 1970 – the first NPP (about 200 MW) feasible earliest at the end of the 60 s, – fuel management can be based on forign and/or domestic uranium, – prospecting for uranium and thorium in Finland is encouraged. Research, education and training arrangements in nuclear technology – Establishment of a big nuclear research centre (like in Denmark, Norway and Sweden) is not recommended. – A research reactor to the Helsinki University of Technology is recommended. Atomic Energy Commission – A permanent Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy should be established. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 6

Electricity Consumption in Finland Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 7

Nuclear Legislation • Radiation protection act • Rediation protection decree April 1957 Sept. 1957 • Atomic energy act • Atomic energy decree • Decree on the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy* October 1957 March 1958 *later the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Energy Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 8

Regulatory Body • Radiation Protection Authority was established in March 1958 • Reactor Safety Department to the Radiation Protection Authority (now the Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK) ) was established in 1969. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 9

Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (1/3) • Members in 1957 -1960 – – – – Professor E. Laurila, Chairman Helsinki University of Technology Professor H. Frilund EKONO General Director E. Kinnunen Ministry of Trade and Industry Professor A. I. Virtanen Science Academy of Finland Secretary of State T. O. Vahervuori Ministry of Foreign Affairs M. Mutru, Secretary Ministry of Trade and Industry O. Ranta, Technical secretary • Two sub-sections in 1957 – Technology/Scientific section: research and training activities – Material Section: prospecting for uranium and thorium Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 10

Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (2/3) Initial funding • Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy funded research activities in universities and research centers • Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy employed research workers in physics, chemistry, nuclear technology, material technology, mechanical engineering, civil enginering and isotope technology for the periods of three years • Independent budged – 1957 – 1958 – 1959 4 million mk 9 million mk 70 million mk – 1960 -1962 244 million mk for the research reactor Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 11

Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (3/3) Mode of working • Monthly meetings • Typical agenda – – funding of research projects participation in courses, meetings and conferences abroad strategic considerations statements on nuclear issues • Establishment of working groups Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 12

Initial Training • Several persons participated in training abroad, especially in National Labs in USA • Professorship in nuclear physics was established in Helsinki University of Technology in 1957 • First courses in reactor technology were arranged in 1957 in the Helsinki University of Technology • Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy financed postgraduate studies in nuclear technology for several (a couple of tens) persons annually. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 13

First Research Facilities • Sub-critical pile was inaugurated in September 1957 – Donation from private industry – Construction by Finnish companies • Research reactor (Triga Mk II, 100 k. W) was inaugurated in August 1962 Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 14

Cooperation between Nordic Countries • Institute of theoretical nuclear physics (NORDITA) was established in 1957 in cooparation between Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. • Nordic contact organization in atomic energy questions (Nordiskt kontaktorgan för atomenergifrågor) was established by Nordic Council in 1957. • Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy signed a contract in 1960 with Institutt for Atomenergi (Norway) on the participation in the Halden project. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 15

Initial Considerations for a NPP Project • Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy initiated in 1961 together with IAEA a study "Prospects of Atomic Energy in Finland". The main results were as follows – nuclear power is technically and economically feasible only if the annual electricity consumption is more than 16 TWh, preferably in the range of 20 TWh. – According to the prospects that situation would prevail in Finland earliest at the end of the 60's or in the beginning of the 70's. • Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy recommended in April 1963 to start the project on a full-scale nuclear power plant. • After that, all preparatory activities to start the project were made by utilities and industry. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 16

Evolution of the Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy into the recent Advisory Committee on Nuclear Energy • Main tasks of the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Energy – to follow the development in nuclear energy field and to make initiatives and proposals for measures, – to give comments on nuclear energy issues and applications, – to make proposals for arranging research and training in nuclear energy field, • Chairman, members and permanent experts were nominated for periods of three years. • Advisory Committee on Nuclear Energy was ceased in 2008 in connection with the renewal of the nuclear energy legislation. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 17

IVO’s Projects • • The state owned power company, Imatran Voima Oy (IVO), launched in 1964 a feasibility study on the construction of a 275 MWe heavy water reactor. Also Finnish manufacturing industry participated in the study. IVO invited bids based on turnkey delivery model in 1965. – Nine Bids from western countries were received in 1965. – The bidding round was stopped by the Government in spring 1967. • The second set of bids was invited in autumn 1967. – Three bids were received in spring 1968. – Also this bidding round was halted by the Government in summer 1968. • IVO and V/O Technopromexport from Soviet Union signed in 1969 a contract on a VVER 440 plant unit (LO 1) and in 1971 a contract on an identical unit (LO 2) to be constructed at Loviisa site. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 18

TVO’s Projects • • • Parallel with IVO's efforts, also the private industry was active in order to start a NPP project. Sixteen industrial companies, presenting mainly pulp and paper industry, established a new company, Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO) in 1969. TVO and Asea-Atom from Sweden signed in 1973 a turnkey contract on a 660 MWe BWR plant unit (OL 1) and in 1975 a semi turnkey contract on an identical unit (OL 2) to be constructed at Olkiluoto site. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 19

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN FINLAND Olkiluoto Loviisa OL 1 BWR 860 MW 1978 OL 2 BWR 860 MW 1980 LO 1 PWR 488 MW 1977 LO 2 PWR 488 MW 1979 OL 3 PWR 1600 MW 2012 Teollisuuden Voima Oyj (TVO) Fortum Power and Heat Oyj (FPH, previous IVO) Olkiluoto Helsinki Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 Loviisa 20

Electricity Supply by Energy Sources 2007 (90, 3 TWh) Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 21

Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 22

Conclusions • NEPIO (the Energy Comittee) was established in the very early phase of the Finnish nuclear programme in 1955. • The Energy Committee evolved into a permanent organization, Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (later the Advisory Committee on Nuclear Energy) that existed until 2008 as an advisory organization to the Government. • The nuclear legislation was enacted in 1957 and the regulatory body was established in 1958. • The Operator/Owner organizations (IVO and TVO) were responsible for bidding process and NPP implementation of the first NPP units in the 6070’s as well as for nuclear waste management arrangements. NEPIO has played an important role in the beginning of the successful nuclear programme in Finland. Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 CUC Workshop November 2007 23

Thank you for your attention! Vienna, 10 -12 December 2008 24