Cargo Operations Norman Ashford H P Martin Stanton

Cargo Operations Norman Ashford, H. P. Martin Stanton. Clifton A. Moore, ”Airport Operation”pp 266 -292, 1997 1

Outline • The Air Cargo Market • Expediting the Movement • Flow Through the Cargo Terminal • Unit Load Devices (IATA 1994) • Handling Within the Terminal (IATA, 1992) • Cargo Apron Operation • Computerization of Facilitation • Examples of Modern Cargo Terminal Designs • Freight Operations for the Integrated Carrier 2

The Air Cargo Market • Gross domestic product • Cost • Other factors 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Planned. Regular. Emergency. High value. Dangerous. Restricted. Livestock. • Patterns of flow 3

Several Functions of Expediting the Movement Q To determine and obtain the optimum freight rate and to select the best mixture of modes and routes Q To arrange and oversee export and import customs clearances, including preparing all necessary documentation and obtaining requisite licenses (these are procedures with specialist forwarder is familiar) Q To arrange for the secure packing of individual consignments. Q To consolidate small consignments into larger shipments to take advantage of lower shipping rates (the financial savings obtained by consolidation are shared between the forwarder and the shipper) Q To provide timely pickup and delivery services at both ends of the shipment. 4

Relationships between Actors in the Movement of Air Cargo for Expediting the Movement shipper Exporting airport Origin airline Freight forwarder Intermediary airlines Destination airline Consignee Transit airports Importing airport Freight forwarder 5

Airlines complex rate structure Q General cargo rates. Q Specific commodity rates. Q Classified rates. Q ULD rates. Q Consolidation rates. Q Container rates. 6

The airway bill is a document with multiple uses Q Evidence of the airline’s receipt of goods Q A dispatch note showing accompanying documentation and special instructions Q A form of invoice indicating transportation charges Q An insurance certificate, if insurance is effected by the airlines Q Documentary evidence of contents for export, transit, and import requirements of customs Q Contents information for constructing the loading sheet and flight manifest Q A delivery receipt 7

Figure Consignment note. 8

Figure Air waybill. 9

Flow Through the Cargo Terminal Passenger aircraft export output Airside Cargo Aircraft export output Direct transfer Predispatch staging area Flight assembly passenger aircraft Passenger aircraft import output Pre-check in hold area Cargo sortation and check-in Flight assembly cargo aircraft Preflight assembly lineup and hold area Weigh, measure, and label On-line Connection Cargo to pre-flight assembly Interline connection to others hold area Inspect, count identity Originating cargo receiving Cargo aircraft import output Interline receiving Export input Interline delivery Domestic predelivery hold area Domestic delivery Landside In-bond storage Customs examination and clearance Cleared bond hold area Cleared bond delivery Import input Emergency shipment immediate clearance 10

Physical Flow and Documentation of Import Cargo for Flow Through the Cargo Terminal Document reception Check and sort documents Transfer cargo Entry cargo Aircraft arrival Transfer cargo Unload Breakdown area Entry cargo Forward to connecting airline Transfer manifest Entry documentation Check against airline documentation Check against customs and airline documentation Finalize airline documentation Clear And release from customs Consignee Bonded storage Inspection and clearance Release (a) 11

Physical Flow and Documentation of Export Cargo For Flow Through the Cargo Terminal Export documentation Issue airway bill Export clearance Complete airway bill Distribute airway bill copies Prepare flight manifest Landside reception Weigh check, and label shipment Complete flight documentation Aircraft Customs examination Sortation to destination and flight Containerize or palletize or special handling (b) Storage Customs Flight assembly 12

Actual Mode of Operation Factors for Flow Through the Cargo Terminal 1. Type of cargo. 2. Type of shipper. 3. Domestic/international split. 4. Transfer. 5. Surface shipments. 6. Interlining. 7. All-freight operations. 13

Container arrangements in wide-bodied and narrow-bodied aircraft for Unit Load Devices (Ashford and Wright 1992) 14

Unit Load Devices (IATA 1994) (cont. ) Container arrangements in wide-bodied and narrow-bodied aircraft. (Ashford and Wright 1992) (cont. ) 15

Compatibility of Container Standard Contours with Aircraft Loading Envelopes of Handling Within the Terminal (IATA, 1992) Aircraft Type/ Configuration (see ULD Technical Manual, Chapter 2, for loading envelope) IATA Standard Container Contours (See ULD Technical Manual) Specification 50/0, Appendix ‘E’ A B C D E N F G H K B 707 C B 727 C B 737 C B 747 main deck B 747 lower deck L 100 L 1011 lower deck DC 8 F DC 10 main deck DC 10 lower deck A 300 lower deck A 310 lower deck A 300 C main deck A 310 XC main deck A 320 lower deck AN 12 IL 76 IL 86 main deck • Contour compatible with all aircraft (see Note) • Contour compatible with large optional door only (check with carrier) M U Y Z P 16

Main deck pallet 17

Lower deck pallet Lower deck container 18

Air Cargo Unitization for Handling Within the Terminal (IATA, 1992) 19

Air cargo interior – Varig terminal Sao Paulo. Handling Within the Terminal (IATA, 1992) 20

INFRAERO terminal, Sao Paulo for Handling Within the Terminal (IATA, 1992) 21

Lufthansa terminal, Frankfurt. For Handling Within the Terminal (IATA, 1992) 22

GANTT chart for turnaround of a 747 F all-freight aircraft for Cargo Apron Operation Source: Boeing 23

Location of servicing and loading/unloading equipment on cargo apron Source: Boeiang 24

Upper deck freight container loader for Cargo Apron Operation 25

Lower deck freight container loader for Cargo Apron Operation . 26

Nose loader for freighter in position for Cargo Apron Operation 27

Source: Aviation exhibit of Boeing Museum 28

Source: Aviation exhibit of Boeing Museum 29

30 Source: Aviation exhibit of Boeing Museum

Cargo container transporter for Cargo Apron Operation . 31

Principal stages in exporting and importing freight 32

Main frame systems for Computerization of Facilitation • Consignments not received within 24 hours of the receipt of the airway bill • Consignments not delivered with 2 days of customs clearance • Through transits not delivered to onward carrier in 6 hours • Transshipments and inter airport removals not achieved within 7 days 33

Cargo community systems for Computerization of Facilitation • • Access flight space availability Obtain electronic booking/reservation Transmit electronic documents (airway bill) Receive electronic documents Provide consignment tracking and status Community among forwarders Provide schedule information 34

Three Principal Objectives for Form of Operation of Modern Cargo Terminal Designs • Minimization of accidents to personnel and cargo • Minimization of damage to ULDs • Maximum utilization of cargo terminal space 35

Conventional Operation of Differentiate Terminal Freight Operations for the Integrated Carrier Q The freight is under the physical control of one organization throughout the whole of its journey Q Delivery to the exporting airport and pick-up at the importing airport is by the integrated carrier itself, the landside pick-up area is more easily controlled and organized Q No freight forwarders or clearing agents are involved Q No other airline is involved Q All-cargo aircraft are used and the characteristics of the fleet are well known to the terminal operator Q The freight is given a guaranteed delivery time; this implies rapid clearance through the airport facility Q Documentation and facilitation is through on company’s system Q High security and limited access to the terminal is possible because no outside organizations are involved other than customs. 36

Key Terms • • • Air cargo market Unit load devices Cargo apron operation Livestock Shipper Exporting airport Freight forwarder Transit airports Consignee Specific commodity rates Consolidation rates 37

Key Terms(cont. ) • • • Container rates Airway bill Consignment note Air waybill Interlining All-freight operation Unit load devices Aircraft loading envelopes Air craft unitization Upper deck freight container loader Lower deck freight container loader 38

Key Terms (cont. ) • • • Nose loader for freighter in position Cargo container transporter Cargo community system Modern cargo terminal design Makung Airport Conventional operation 39