CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism Insulin Glucagon
Violations of carbohydrate metabolism Lactose intolerance
Violation of glycolysis Enzyme deficiency Symptoms Glucokinase Hyperglycemia Increased lipogenesis in adiposities Overweight Hexokinase Low concentration of 2, 3 -biphosphoglycerate Increased affinity to oxygen Abnormal oxygen supply Muscle phosphofructokinase Exercise intolerance Pyruvate kinase Hemolytic anemia provoked by oxidants High concentration of 2, 3 -biphosphoglycerate Decreased affinity to oxygen Abnormal oxygen supply
Fructose intolerance
Galactosemia Enzyme Name Type I Galactose-1 -phosphate Classic galactosemia uridyl transferase Type II Galactokinase deficiency Type II UDP galactose Galactose epimerase deficiency ØAutosomal recessive ØCaused by the deficiency in an enzyme responsible for adequate galactose metabolism ØToxic levels of galactose-1 -phosphate result in hepatomegaly, cirrhosis, brain damage, cataracts, renal failure, hypoglycemia. ØWithout treatment, mortality in infants with galactosemia is about 75%. 7
Violation of pentose phosphate pathway
Glucogen storage diseases
Ethanol metabolism
Ethanol metabolism in the human body
Ethanol metabolism
Ethanol metabolism Acetate is used as a source of energy
Changes in the concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon after meals.
Baudouin Coefficient (hyperglycemic coefficient)
Glycemic index graph in norm (1) and diabetes (2)
Diabetes Feature Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Onset Sudden Gradual Age at onset Mostly in children Mostly in adults Body habitus Thin or normal Often obese Ketoacidosis Common Rare Autoantibodies Usually present Absent Endogenous insulin Low or absent Normal, decreased or increased Prevalence ~10% ~90%
The main manifestations of diabetes • Decreased synthesis and deposition of glycogen and fat • Hyperglycemia • Hyperlipoproteinemia • Ketonemia • Azotemia and azoturia • Polyuria and polydipsia
Protein glycosylation
Late-term complications of diabetes mellitus
Insuline preparations
Glucometer
Insulin pump
Скачать презентацию CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM Main pathways of carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism 3.pptx