Carbohydrate metabolism
Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori (1896 -1957) Carl Ferdinand Cori (1896 -1984)
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY (HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT) Oxidative phase
Isomerase Ribose-5 phospate Nucleotides Nucleic Acids Epimerase Ribulose-5 phospate Xylulose-5 phospate Nonoxidative phase
Glycolysis
Glycolysis
The overall equation: 6 G-6 -P + 12 NADP+ + 7 H 2 O 5 G-6 -P + 12 NADPH + 6 CO 2 + 12 H +
Gluconeogen esis
Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
The overall equation: 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + H+ + 4 ATP + 2 GTP glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pi
Glycogen metabolism regulation
Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulation
Bi-functional enzyme
Bi-functional enzyme
Regulation of phosphofructokinase activity
VIOLATIONS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
Some of TPP-dependent reactions
Changes in the concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon after meals.
Coefficient of Baudouin (hyperglycemic coefficient)
Glycemic index graph in norm (1) and diabetes (2)
Diabetes Mellitus Feature Type 1 diabetes Type 2 diabetes Onset Sudden Gradual Age at onset Mostly in children Mostly in adults Body habitus Thin or normal Often obese Ketoacidosis Common Rare Auto antibodies Usually present Absent Endogenous insulin Low or absent Normal, decreased or increased Prevalence ~10% ~90%
Late-term complications of diabetes mellitus
Glucometer
Signs and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrom
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