Canada Geographical position Canada is the

Canada

Geographical position

Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area (9. 984, 670 km 2)

Canada is a North American country consisting of 10 provinces and 3 territories.

Ottawa, Capital City of Canada

Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of 202, 080 kilometres

Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean.

the highest point is Mount Logan at 5, 959 m / 19, 550 ft.

Lowest point Atlantic Ocean, 0 m

• Large parts of Canada have less gravity than the rest of Earth. The phenomenon was discovered in the 1960 s.

Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost.

territory : • mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

territory : • and lowlands in southeast

• How Many Great Lakes are there in Canada?

The biggest lakes in Canada are the Great Lakes, Great Slave Lake, and Great Bear Lake.

Longest rivers of Canada

1. Mackenzie River, 4, 241 km (2, 635 mi)

2. Yukon River, 3, 185 km

3. Saint Lawrence River, 3, 058 km

Land Use Arable land – 5% Permanent pastures – 3% Forests and woodlands – 54% Other – 38%

Climate: Winter - Cold Summer – moderate humid

Climate: • South Temperate (- 15 ° − 40 ° - C) • North- subarctic or arctic ( up to – 50 ° - − 60 °C)

Climate: • South temperate • North subarctic or arctic

Climate: • south - temperate • north - subarctic or arctic

Natural hazards • 1) permafrost or cryotic soil - is soil at or below the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years image was taken from a helicopter in Canadian Arctic

Natural hazards • 2) cyclone is an area of closed, circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth

Natural hazards • 3) tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud

Natural hazards • 4) forest fires

Minerals

petroleum, oil

Potassic salt

uranium

cobalt

zinc ore

gas

ore

gold

silver

Flora and Fauna

The flora of Canada is quite diverse

4, 100 species of vascular plants - native to Canada, 1, 200 additional - non-native species

History of Canada

The name Canada comes from the word kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement“. I n 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona. By 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this region as Canada

2. Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix noted that word Kannata (pronounced Cannada) meaning "collection of huts“.

3. theory suggested that the name originated when Spanish or Portuguese explorers, unable to find gold and silver, wrote acá nada, or cá nada ("nothing here“).

A map of North America ca. 1566, one of the first to include the name "Canada" (top right).

Pre-colonization The exact dates and routes of the peopling Canada is unknown. There is no written information till the Europeans came.

The First Nations • Native peoples of Canada • Came from Asia 12, 000 years ago – Crossed Bering Land Bridge that joined Russia to Alaska • 12 tribes made up the First Nations

Inuit • One of the First Nation tribes • Still live in Canada today • Canada’s government gave the Inuit the Nunavut Territory in northeast Canada.

50, 000 – 17, 000 years ago, falling sea levels allowed people to move across the Bering land bridge (Beringia) that joined Siberia to north west North America (Alaska). Beringia - deglaciation period Beringia - present day

European Colonization

The Europeans in Canada… • First explorers to settle Canada were Norse invaders from the Scandinavian Peninsula • In 1000 CE, they built a town on the northeast coast of Canada & established a trading relationship with the Inuit – The Norse deserted the settlement for unknown reasons • Europeans did not return to Canada until almost 500 years later…

England Claims Newfoundland • 1497: Italian explorer John Cabot, sailed to Canada’s east coast • Cabot claimed an area of land for England (his sponsor) & named it Newfoundland

New France and colonization 1534– 1763

New France • 1534: Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence River. • Claimed the land for France. – French colonists named the area New France

1600 a trading post was established at Tadoussac by François Gravé Du Pont, a merchant, and Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit, a captain of the French Royal Navy

Map of New France by Samuel de Champlain

He established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and

Quebec City in on July 3 1608. Quebec Settlement, 1608

Wars during the colonial era

Treaty of Paris (1763) • Gave British control of all lands east of the Mississippi River, except for 2 islands off of Newfoundland • British forced Nova Scotia’s French-speaking people to leave – Nova Scotia’s French went to another French colony, Louisiana—descendants of these people are the Cajuns

Results • the Treaty of Paris (1763), France ceded almost all of its territory in mainland North America, except for fishing rights off Newfoundland two small islands where it could dry that fish

France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War.

Quebec Act--1774 • British allowed French to stay in Quebec, but continued to control the region • Quebec Act guaranteed the French the right to maintain their culture (language, religion, traditions)

War of 1812 • French and British worked together against the US who tried to invade Canada • French and British worked together against the US • who tried to invade Canada War resulted in a draw, but it defined the USCanadian border & increased a sense of Canadian • War resulted in a draw, but it defined the USCanadian border & increased a sense of Canadian nationalism – Both French Canadians & English Canadians joined to protect their land—they were more united than ever before

After the War of 1812 • French Canadians & British Canadians realized that they hated being under British rule • They thought that Great Britain was too far away to understand their economic & political needs

Province of Canada • Canadians began to rebel against British control – Britain sent a government reformer to examine the Canadian problem • Result of the inquiry, Britain discovered an economic need to unify the 2 Canadian provinces • 1841—Upper & Lower Canada were united, establishing the Province of Canada

Results of the British North America Act • Allowed each region to sell goods more easily to one another – Improved trade helped the economy – Soon there was enough money to build a railroad across the country • 1886: Transcontinental Railroad was built & people could now easily travel from the Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean

July 1, 1867 formation of the Dominion of Canada's status as a self-governing colony of the British Empire.

British North America Act (1867) • a federation union of Canada • Joined four colonies (Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick, & Nova Scotia) • 4 colonies became Provinces joined by a common written law (constitution). • Britain accepted the agreement because they were glad to be rid of the responsibility of protecting the colonies (expensive)

The British in Canada… • British colonized region south of New France – Saw New France’s success in fur trapping & wanted to take control of the fur trade

Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the legal name for the new country, and the word Dominion was conferred as the country's title.

John A. Macdonald was the First Prime Minister of Canada

First World War

In 1931 the Statute of Westminster gave each dominion (which included Canada and Newfoundland) the opportunity for almost complete legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom

Great Depression

Unemployed men march in Toronto 1) Unemployment reached 27% 2) 30% of the labour force was out of work 3) 1/5 of the population became dependent on government assistance

Second World War

September 10, 1939 Canada declared war on Nazi Germany. 45, 000 died, and another 55, 000 were wounded

Post-war Era 1945– 1960

Development of • universal health care • old-age pensions • veterans' pensions.

1960– 1981

The Canada Act of 1982 finally severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the British Parliament.

Canada asserted its political autonomy from the United Kingdom, the federal government increasingly used simply Canada on state documents and treaties, a change that was reflected in the renaming of the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day in 1982. Crowds on Parliament Hill celebrate Dominion The Snowbirds on Canada Day celebrations in Day, 1927, the 60 th jubilee of confederation Ottawa

Historical population overview

• The population in Canada was 36 134 016 (1 January 2016) • 81 percent of the total population resides in cities. • 985 males per 1 000 females http: //countrymeters. info/en/Canada

• 15. 9% of the population is 65 or older. 68. 5% are between the ages of 15 and 64. • The median age is 41 years. • The age at first marriage for men is 29 years, 27. 4 years for women. http: //countrymeters. info/en/Canada

• The average life expectancy at birth is 81. 16 years – the sixth highest in the world. http: //countrymeters. info/en/Canada

Population is concerned it just has the 33 rd position 34 ethnic groups: English, French, German, Italian, Irish, Ukrainian, First Nations and Chinese ….

Canada has the 9 th lowest population density on the planet • . 6 people per square kilometer, according to the 2009 CIA World Factbook http: //www. curiosityaroused. com/world/13 interesting-facts-about-canada-eh/ • Despite being a huge country, Canada has the fourth lowest population density in the world, with only three people living per square kilometer! Almost half of the population in Canada were born in other countries. http: //www. hikebiketravel. com/18950/145 weird-fun-interesting-facts-canada/

• Famous Canadians include Pamela Anderson, Leonard Cohen, Avril Lavigne, Keanu Reeves and Jim Carrey. • There have been 10 Nobel Prize laureates in Canada

Six cities in Canada have a population of over 1 million: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton and Ottawa.

Languages of Canada

Division of Canada • Most English speaking citizens lived in Upper Canada (Ontario) • Most French speaking citizens lived in Lower Canada (Quebec) D D D

English (58%) French (22%) It is a bilingual nation with both English and French as official languages at the federal level.

The top 20 spoken languages of Canada English 20, 584, 775 (67. 1%) French 6, 608, 125 (19. 1%) Chinese 790, 035 (2. 6%) Punjabi 500, 000 (1. 0%) Spanish 209, 955 (0. 7%) Italian 170, 330 (0. 6%) Dutch 159, 440 (0. 6%) Ukrainian 148, 090 (0. 5%) Arabic 144, 745 (0. 5%) German 128, 350 (0. 4%) Tagalog 119, 345 (0. 4%) Portuguese 103, 875 (0. 3%) Urdu 102, 805 (0. 3%) Polish 101, 575 (0. 3%) Korean 101, 500 (0. 3%) Persian 97, 220 (0. 3%) Russian 93, 805 (0. 3%) Tamil 92, 680 (0. 3%) Greek 55, 100 (0. 2%) Gujarati 52, 715 (0. 2%)

• There are 11 Aboriginal language groups in Canada, made up of more than 65 distinct languages and dialects Cree, Ojibway, Athapaskan languages, Inuktitut, Athapaskan family, Dene, Salish, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Kutenai and Haidam Michif, Inuinnaqtun https: //www 12. statcan. gc. ca/censusrecensement/2011/as-sa/98 -314 -x/98 -314 x 2011003_3 -eng. cfm

• Official Languages Act (1969) English and French have official federal status throughout Canada

Canadian dialects of European languages • Canadian Gaelic (Scottish Gaelic ) • Franglais and Chiac (combine English and French syntax, grammar and lexicons) • Ottawa Valley Twang ( dialect of English) • Newfoundland Irish ( Irish dialect) • Welsh language • Acadian French ( incorporates not only distinctly Canadian phrases but also nautical terms, English loanwords, linguistic features found only in older forms of French as well as ones found in the. Maritimer English dialect) • Canadian Ukrainian • Doukhobor Russian (South Russian dialects, showing some common features with Ukrainian) • Bungee (dialect of English)

• Canadian English contains elements of British English and American English, as well as many Canadianisms.

• The term "Canadian English" is first attested in 1857 • Canadian English has been developing features of its own since the early 19 th century

the term "Canadianism" refers to features in the areas of phonetics, phonology, morphol ogy and syntax, but more generally the term's use is preferred in the lexicon, i. e. vocabulary

Canadian British news, dew, tune, student moon, noon, too anti-, semi-, multizebra American [ju] [u: ] [ju] [mu: n] [ai] ['æntɪ-] [ai] [е] [e] [i: ].

• Canadians do not like to create new words. • They borrow mainly American and British designations (sign, symbol)

Grammar Canadian Have you (got)…? I won‘t drank dove British American Have you Do you (got)…? have…? I shan't I won‘t drunk drank dive (dived), dove

Grammar Canadian on the street a quarter to eleven British in the street a quarter to eleven American on the street a quarter of sick at the stomack to the stomack

Canadianisms • happening (що-небудь привабливе) • goof (Дурень) ← to goof off (валяти дурня) • backdoor (секретний) ← to backdoor (не посвячувати у свої плани) • rink-rat (хлопчик, який чистить каток), • arena rat (уболівальник)

• Canadians like to finish a sentence with the word Eh (Он як! Eh!, Really!)

SOCIAL CLASSES IN CANADA

The Upper Class • • • British origin wealth is inherited - "old money" children go to private schools exercise great power in occupational positions Upper-Upper Class – 1% = "old money" Lower-Upper Class - 2 -4% depend more on earnings than inherited wealth ="nouveau riche. "

The Middle Class 40 -50% family incomes of $50, 000 to $100, 000 earned from upper managerial or professional fields.

The Working Class • • 1/3 of the population lower incomes than the middle class no accumulated wealth. jobs provide less personal satisfaction

The Lower Class • 20% of population • many are supported entirely by welfare payments • typically live in less desirable neighbourhoods -often racially or ethnically distinct • their children are often resigned to living the same hopeless lives of their parents.

Political system Canada is a federal state that is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy

A viceroy is a royal official who runs a country, colony, or city province (or state) in the name of and as representative of the monarch. David Lloyd Johnston 28 th Governor General of Canada since October 1, 2010

Head of government Prime Minister Stephen Harper (since February 6, 2006). 22 Prime Minister

Sir John A. Macdonald, the first Prime Minister of Canada (1867– 1873, 1878– 1891)

National symbols of Canada

the maple leaf the early 18 th century is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms (or royal arms).

Royal Arms (November 21, 1921)

the flag of the Governor General was adopted in 1981

official Canadian symbols Beaver (1975) Canadian Horse (2002)

Tree Maple Tree

Sports Lacrosse

"O Canada" is the national anthem of Canada (July 1, 1980 (song dates to 1880) • Words written by Sir Adolphe. Basile Routhier (French version)

• music composed by Calixa Lavallée

• Robert Stanley Weir (English version)

"O Canada" is the national anthem of https: //www. youtube. com/wat Canada. https: //archive. org/detai ch? v=kx 2 Q 6 NIXL 5 k O Canada! Our home and native land. True patriot love in all thy sons command. With glowing hearts we see thee rise, The True North strong and free! And stand on guard, O Canada, We stand on guard for thee. O Canada, Glorious and free. O Canada, we stand on guard for thee! ls/Canadian. National. Ant hem О Канада! Наш дім і рідна земля! Любов патріотів у серцях твоїх синів. З палаючими серцями ми бачимо твій схід, Вірна Північ, сильна і вільна!. З усіх боків, о Канада Ми захищаємо тебе. Хранитиме Бог нашу країну славною і вільною! О Канада, ми захищаємо тебе!

Education in Canada

Canada’s literacy rate is over 99%.

Education in Canada funded and overseen by federal, provincial, local governments

Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Manitoba, Ontario and New Brunswick, where the compulsory age is 18

Education is divided into • primary education • secondary education • post-secondary education

Canadians attend college over half of all adults, (42 % of Americans).

5 Canadian Universities in Top 100 These universities have been ranked on the basis of 5 overall parameters: • Teaching level • Research • Citations • Industry income • International outlook

University of Toronto: • was founded as King’s College in 1827 • 18 faculties, schools, and institutes

University of British Columbia • 40, 000 students • 9, 000 faculty • of students from about 140 countries

Mc Gill University • Established in 1821, • 35, 000 students, • 11 faculties and 10 schools

Mc Master University • in 1887 by Senator William Mc. Master who was the first president of the Bank of Commerce.

University of Alberta • in 1908, • 37, 000 students • From 147 countries.

Religion in Canada The Holy Blossom Temple in Toronto, Ontario Notre-Dame Basilica, a Roman Catholic church in Old Montreal of Montreal, Quebec. (1888)

Religion Percent • Christianity - 77. 1% • Irreligion - 16. 2% • Islam - 2. 0% • Judaism - 1. 1% • Hinduism - 1. 0% • Buddhism - 1. 0% • Sikhism - 0. 9%

Capital Cities of Canada

National Capital of Canada • Ottawa

Toronto • the provincial capital of Ontario and the largest city in Canada

Quebec City • the capital of the Canadian province of Quebec

Edmonton • Alberta

Victoria • British Columbia

Fredericton • New Brunswick's Capital City

St. John's • New Brunswick

Yellowknife • the capital city of the Northwest Territories

Halifax • Nova Scotia

Iqaluit • The capital of the Canadian territory of Nunavut.

Charlottetown • the capital city of Prince Edward Island

Regina • the capital city of province of Saskatchewan.

Whitehorse • Yukon's capital