can could shall must MODAL VERBS need

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can / could shall must MODAL VERBS need should ought to dare may / might

Estes verbos pertencem a uma categoria especial de verbos porque: Não têm infinitivo e são sempre enunciados sem “to”; Faltam-lhes muitas formas de conjugação. Surgem normalmente no Presente e no Pretérito, ou só no Presente; Na 3ª pessoa do singular do Presente do Indicativo não tomam o “s” característicos dos outros verbos; Todos eles, à excepção do “ought” (“ought to”), são seguidos de um verbo no infinitivo, sem “to”; A maioria destes verbos apresenta mais do que um significado; Na interrogativa e na negativa não necessitam do auxiliar “to do”; seguem as regras que se aplicam ao “to be”.

CAN / COULD Ability / Capacity She can speak Spanish. He can swim very well. Possibility You can find the meaning in the dictionary. Asking Permission (informal) Can I speak to you? Can I come in? Permission (informal) You can go out, but be back by 10 o’clock. Denying permission Impossibility (informal) You cannot drive the car. No, you can’t speak to her at the moment. Informal request Can I use your computer?

MAY / MIGHT Asking permission (formal) May I please speak to the headmaster? Permission (formal) Yes, you may speak to him. Possibility It may be bought in an antique shop. Probability (mixed with doubt) It might rain tomorrow. He didn’t come to school. He might be ill.

MUST Obligation Necessity You must have your passport with you to leave the country. I must buy a new car. Deduction Logical Conclusion Strong Probability Look at the ring. She must be married. She must be a doctor or a nurse. Orders Prohibition You must respect the timetable. You mustn’t park here.

SHOULD / OUGHT TO Advice Recommendation You should do your homework. You should not smoke as much. Moral obligation, duty You ought to respect your elders.

DARE The absence of courage to do something (negative) She dare not walk alone on the street at night. I dare not speak to him when he’s angry. Indignation / question someone’s courage (interrogative) How dare you speak to me so rudely? It occurs chiefly in the negative and in the interrogative.

NEED Absence of obligation or necessity He needn’t start yet, need he? You needn’t have hurried. It occurs chiefly in the negative and in the interrogative.

SHALL Offer Shall I open the window? Shall I help you?

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