California Real Estate Finance Bond Mc Kenzie Fesler

Objectives n After completing this chapter, you should be able to: n n n Describe financing alternatives for residential income, commercial and industrial properties. List and briefly explain advantages and disadvantages to investing in each of the categories of investment property. Calculate and apply “break even analysis” to income producing properties. Discuss how financing conditions affect prices of income producing properties. Compute debt-coverage ratios. © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

Outline n n n n The Single-Family House as Income Property The Two- to Four-Unit Residential Property The Five-Plus Unit Residential Income Property Break-Even Analysis Financing Starts with the Listing Introduction to Commercial and Industrial Properties Debt Coverage Ratio © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Single-Family House as Income Property (Slide 1 of 4) n Key Characteristics n n n Large supply Management is easier Active resale market High degree of liquidity Sold outright or tax deferred exchange © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Single-Family House as Income Property (Slide 2 of 4) n n n n Non owner occupied 75% loan to value Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac use 80% loan to value But require one year experience as landlord Or six months PITI in reserve ¼ to ½% higher interest Higher loan fee Fixed rate Prepayment penalties only within first three years n n For owner occupied But rental properties can differ © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Single-Family House as Income Property (Slide 3 of 4) n Flipping n n n Buy a house with long escrow Value appreciates Sell before closing first escrow Works well with appreciating values With depreciating values, buyers “walk away” Lenders become reluctant to offer non-owner occupied loans © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Single-Family House as Income Property (Slide 4 of 4) n Advantages n n n n Larger selection of properties Management is easier Investment is more liquid Tenants pay for utilities, gardening, and minor repairs Depreciation tax shelter Tenants remain longer Passive loss rules apply up to $25, 000 Low vacancy factor Hedge against inflation Leverage during inflation “Walk away” during decline 1031 Exchange available Disadvantages n n n n Could be negative cash flow Rent/ft 2 lower 100% vacancy You are the manager But could get professional management (10% of rent) Owner pays for repairs If owner has many houses, no economy of scale Tax deductions can be changed by Congress © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Two- and Four-Unit Residential Property (Slide 1 of 2) n n n 75% loan to value 15% down Many sellers will carry second ½ to 1% higher interest Higher loan fees If owner lives in one unit n n Get owner-occupied financing Prepayment penalties n n Six months unearned interest 20% payoff allowable in any one calendar year © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Two- and Four-Unit Residential Property (Slide 2 of 2) n Advantages n n n n Many available Owner can be manager Tenants pay utilities, etc. Rent unfurnished Tenant may be manager More privacy for renter Good LTVs Depreciation tax shelter n Disadvantages n n n n Expensive Negative cash flow Higher qualification requirements Repairs and replacements Reserves needed Owner pays water, outside lights and laundry room utilities Reluctance to raise rents © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Five-Plus Unit Residential Income Property (Slide 1 of 3) n Characteristics n n n n Better buy than 2 -4 units Larger down payments required Demand is lower Keeps prices down Sell at prices relative to income Not much vacant land for building Need parking and open space for new construction Environmental factors make apartments more difficult to build © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Five-Plus Unit Residential Income Property (Slide 2 of 3) n n n n 60 – 75% loan to value 30% down ½ - 2% higher interest Higher loan fees Amortized for 30 years, but due in 1 -10 years Lenders use appraisal and capitalized income stream to determine loan value Need better than good credit © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

The Five-Plus Unit Residential Income Property (Slide 3 of 3) n Advantages n n n Constant demand for housing Concentrated management Resident manager possible n n n >16 units requires one Cost/unit is less Fewer being built Tax shelter Equity appreciation n Disadvantages n n n n Lots of expenses Need reserves Changing neighborhoods Owner-tenant laws Rent control Need patience No tenant pride of ownership © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

Break-Even Analysis n (Figure 15. 1) Sales = Fixed Costs + Variable Costs ©

Financing Starts with the Listing (Slide 1 of 2) n Reasons for selling? n n n n Improvements Neighborhood change Rent control Exchange up Wants more/less units No depreciation left Existing financing information n n Lender, balance due, interest rate Assumable If more than one loan, same info Minimum credit score Short Sale? © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

© 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

Financing Starts with the Listing (Slide 2 of 2) n n New financing n Will lender allow assumption n Minimum credit score n Prepayment penalty negotiations n Down payment n Interest, term, prepayment penalty, acceleration clause, loan fees, down payment, impounds n Second loan Capitalization Rate n Cap rate = Net Operating Income/Sales Price n Compare to interest rate n n If rising, cap rate decreases Does it make good sense without tax shelter? © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

Introduction to Commercial and Industrial Properties (Slide 1 of 3) n n n n Strip malls Free standing commercial buildings Convenience centers Supermarkets surrounded by other stores Department stores Service stations Garage buildings Franchise outlets Quick service restaurants Motels, hotels, mobile home parks Office buildings Rest homes and convalescent hospitals Other special purpose (drive in banks) © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

Introduction to Commercial and Industrial Properties (Slide 2 of 3) n Industrial n Small n n Larger n n One tenant/long term lease Industrial parks n n 10, 000 – 100, 000 ft 2 Developer buys land develops individual building to specs of master plan Office Parks n Could include restaurants, shops and hotels © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.

Introduction to Commercial and Industrial Properties (Slide 3 of 3) n Advantages n n n n Steady income Low vacancy Lessee makes major improvements COLA clauses or percentage lease No rent control Business tenants are easier to deal with Lease insurance available n Disadvantages n n n Higher prices Vacancies during down times “Main Street” vs. newer centers Fixed rents City codes © 2011 Cengage Learning created by Dr. Richard S. Savich.