California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Invited

California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology Invited Talk to a Meeting of SAIC's Internal Research and Development Program La Jolla, CA January 10, 2001 By Larry Smarr, Director, Cal-(IT)2

The Emerging Information Power Grid A Mobile Internet Powered by a Planetary Computer • Wireless Access--Anywhere, Anytime • Broadband to the Home and Small Businesses • Vast Increase in Internet End Points – Embedded Processors – Sensors and Actuators – Information Appliances • Highly Parallel Light Waves Through Fiber • Emergence of a Planetary Computer “The all optical fibersphere in the center finds its complement in the wireless ethersphere on the edge of the network. ” --George Gilder Cal-(IT)2

UC San Diego and UC Irvine California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology • 220 Faculty and Senior Researchers • New Funding Model (4 Years) – State $100 M – Industry $140 M – Private $30 M – Campus $30 M – Federal $100 -200 M – Total $400 -500 M • One of Three Awarded www. calit 2. net Cal-(IT)2

The Cal-(IT)2 Conceptual Framework www. calit 2. net Cal-(IT)2

220 Faculty and Senior Researchers Cal-(IT)2

Cal-(IT)2 Industrial Partners UCSD Partners Akamai Technologies Inc. AMCC CAIMIS, Inc. Compaq Conexant Systems, Inc. Copper Mountain Networks, Inc. Enterprise Partners Venture Capital Entropia, Inc. Ericsson Wireless Communications, Inc. Global Photon Systems, Inc. IBM Idea. Edge Ventures Intersil Corporation Leap Wireless International Med. Expert International, Inc. Merck Mission Ventures NCR Orincon Industries Panoram Technologies QUALCOMM Incorporated Quantum The R. W. Johnson Pharmaceutical Research Institute SAIC Sci. Frame, Inc. Seagate Storage Products Silicon Wave Sony STMicroelectronics, Inc. Sun Microsystems Tera. Burst Networks UCSD Healthcare The Unwired Fund UCI Partners The Boeing Company Bren, Donald L. (The Irvine Company) Broadcom Corporation Conexant Systems, Inc. Connexion by Boeing Emulex Corporation Network Systems Irvine Sensors Corporation Link, William J. (Versant Ventures) Litton Industries, Inc. Microsoft Corporation Newport Corporation Printronix Samueli, Henry (Broadcom) Texas Instruments www. calit 2. net Cal-(IT)2

SAIC Partnership in Cal-(IT)2 • SAIC Has Committed to a 5 Year Partnership Involving: – $150 k/yr. In a Cash Gifts for Academic Professionals – $250 k/yr. In Sponsored Research, Using SAIC IR&D Funds – $200 k/yr. For Proposal Development on Joint SAIC/Cal-(IT)2 Opportunities – Goal Is $1. 3 m/yr. Subcontracted Research to Cal-(IT)2 From Joint Proposals • Brian Dealy Has Been Identified As Our Initial Lead Interface at SAIC • He Has Identified Several Candidate Areas for SAIC Research Support – Globus and Grid Portal Toolkits – Mobi. Media – SIO Environmental Research – Bioinformatics – Others Are Being Considered • We Are Now Defining the Specific SAIC Sponsored Programs Cal-(IT)2

Cal-(IT)2 First Year Research Focus Areas • • • The New End Points of the Internet – Sensors – Actuators – Embedded Processors – Design and Prototypes Architecting the Information Architecture of Living Laboratories – Wireless Internet – Optical Grid – PC Clusters – Metadata, Data Mining – Visualization Instrumenting the High Tech Coast – Intelligent Transportation – Environmental Hydrology – Civil Infrastructure and Seismic Cal-(IT)2

Novel Materials and Devices are Needed in Every Part of the New Internet Materials and Devices Team, UCSD Cal-(IT)2

Components for Assembling Micro. Sensors Valveless Microfluidics Mechanical Stress and Acceleration Sensors Micro Optical Assemblies (Lenses and Mirrors) MEMS structures fabricated and tested at the UCI Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility Cal-(IT)2

UCSD Cal-(IT)2 Materials and Devices Program Students and Post Docs Technical support staff Faculty Molecular materials/ devices Materials theory/ simulation Spintronics Advanced fabrication and characterization facility: State-of-the-art capability for materials and device processing/analysis Novel electronic materials Nanoscale ultralow power electronics Ga. As-based low-power MOS Advanced display materials Ga. Nbased microwave transistors Source: UCSD M&D Group Chemical/ biological sensors Nanophotonic components Highspeed optical switches Cal-(IT)2

Nanotechnology Will be Essential for Photonics Near-field coupling between pixels in Form-birefringent CGH (FBCGH) FBCGH possesses dual-functionality such as focusing and beam steering 0. 8 0. 6 1. 0 Reflectivity 1. 0 TM 0 th order efficiency VCSEL + Near-field polarizer : Efficient polarization control, mode stabilization, and heat management Near-field coupling 0. 4 RCWA Transparency Theory 0. 65 0. 70 0. 75 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. 60 TE TM 0. 8 1. 3 0. 80 Thickness (mm) Micro polarizer 1. 5 1. 7 1. 9 2. 1 Wavelength mm) ( 2. 3 2. 5 VCSEL Information I/O through surface wave, guided wave, and optical fiber from near-field edge and surface coupling FBCGH Grating coupler Fiber tip Near-field E-O coupler +V TM Efficiency 1. 0 0. 8 -V Near-field E-O Modulator + micro-cavity 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 20 30 Angle (degree) 40 Composite nonlinear, E-O, and artificial dielectric materials control and enhance near-field coupling Source: Shaya Fainman, UCSD Near-field E-O modulator controls optical properties and near-field micro -cavity enhances the effect Cal-(IT)2

Coming -- The Grid Physics Network • • • Petabyte-scale computational environment for data intensive science – CMS and Atlas Projects of the Large Hadron Collider – Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory – Sloan Digital Sky Survey (200 million objects each with ~100 attributes) Paul Avery (Univ. of Florida) and Ian Foster (U. Chicago and ANL), Lead PIs – Largest NSF Information Technology Research Grant – 20 Institutions Involved – $12 million over four years – Requires distributed megacomputer Will Drive International Optical Grid www. griphyn. org Cal-(IT)2

A Model of a Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Network • Can Nest Lambdas or Labels • Can Mix Label Switching Routers and Optical Cross-Connects From: Yakov Rekhter, Cisco Fellow See also www. ietf. org/html. charters/mpls-charter. html Cal-(IT)2

Possible Extreme Optical Network Supporting Large Scale Science and Engineering Working Draft… Far East Networks CA*net 4 CERN SURFnet Seattle NTON Portland NYC NTON Far East Networks I-Wire Los Angeles San Diego (SDSC) Source: Tom De. Fanti Cal-(IT)2

Mobile Internet will Take Off This Year 800 Subscribers (millions) Mobile 600 Internet 400 200 Mobile Internet 0 ‘ 96 ‘ 97 ‘ 98 ‘ 99 ‘ 00 ‘ 01 Source: Ericsson ‘ 02 ‘ 03 Cal-(IT)2

Technical Emphasis of Center for Wireless Communication Broadband Wireless LOW-POWERED CIRCUITRY RF Mixed A/D ASIC Materials ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION Smart Antennas Adaptive Arrays COMMUNICATION THEORY COMMUNICATION NETWORKS Modulation Channel Coding Multiple Access Compression Architecture Media Access Scheduling End-to-End Qo. S Hand-Off MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS Changing Environment Protocols Multi-Resolution Cal-(IT)2

Broadband Wireless Internet is Here Today • • • Create Wireless Internet “Watering Holes” – Ad Hoc IEEE 802. 11 Domains – Home, Neighborhoods, Office – Mobile. Star--Admiral Clubs, Major Hotels, Restaurants, … – UCSD—Key Campus Buildings, Dorms, Coffee Shops… Upsides – Ease of Use – Unlicensed so Anyone can Be a Wireless ISP – Will Accelerate Innovation—”Living in the Future” Downsides – Not Secure – Shared Bandwidth – Short Range Coverage “The future is already here, it’s just not evenly distributed” William Gibson, Author of Neuromancer Cal-(IT)2

Web Interface to Grid Computing The NPACI Grid. Port Architecture 802. 11 b Wireless Interactive Access to: • State of Computer • Job Status • Application Codes Cal-(IT)2

The Wireless Internet will Transform Computational Science and Engineering • Teraflop Supercomputers Simulate in Dynamic 3 D • Evolving a System Requires Knowing the Initial State • Add Wireless Sensors and Embedded Processors – Give Detailed State Information – Allows for Comparison of Simulation with Reality • Computational Fields – – – Environmental Modeling Civil Infrastructure Responses to Earthquakes Ecological Modeling Biomedical Systems Intelligent Transportation Cal-(IT)2

The Wireless Internet Adds Bio-Chemical-Physical Sensors to the Grid • From Experiments to Wireless Infrastructure • Scripps Institution of Oceanography San Diego Supercomputer Center Cal-(IT)2 • • • Source: John Orcutt, SIO Building on Pioneering Work of Hans-Werner Braun & Frank Vernon Cal-(IT)2

Bringing the Civil Infrastructure Online New Bay Bridge Tower with Lateral Shear Links Wireless Sensor Arrays Linked to Crisis Management Control Rooms Source: UCSD Structural Engineering Dept. Cal-(IT)2

Cal-(IT)2 Plans to Add Wireless Sensors to the Southern High Tech Coast • Adding Wireless Sensors – Hydrological Cycle – Monitor Pollution – Identify Major Sources – Evaluate Cleanup – Earthquakes – Civil Infrastructure – Realtime Traffic – Link to GPS and Vehicle Destination UCI Newport Beach • Build on NSF funded Net – SDSC, SIO, SDSU UCSD Mission Bay San Diego Bay http: //icemaps. des. ucdavis. edu Cal-(IT)2

The High Performance Wireless Research and Education Network Linking Astronomical Observatories to the Internet is a Major Driver NSF Funded PI, Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Co-PI, Frank Vernon, SIO 45 mbps Duplex Backbone http: //hpwren. ucsd. edu/Presentations/HPWREN Cal-(IT)2

Wireless Antennas Anchor Network High Speed Backbone http: //hpwren. ucsd. edu/Presentations/HPWREN Source: Hans-Werner Braun, SDSC Cal-(IT)2

Augmented Reality Requires Overlaying the Physical and Cyber Realities Source: Virginia Tech/Univ. Illinois, MIT, Univ Washington, UCSD Cal-(IT)2

-Telescience. The Brain Data Grid Goal-Form a National Scale Testbed for Federating Large Databases Using NIH High Field NMR Centers Stanford Cal Tech U. Of MN NCRR Imaging and Computing Resources UCSD Harvard Surface Web SDSC Cal-(IT)2 Deep Web UCLA Duke Cyber Infrastructure Linking Tele-instrumentation, Data Intensive Computing, and Multi-scale Brain Databases. Source: Mark Ellisman, UCSD Wireless “Pad” Web Interface Cal-(IT)2

Gradually Our Bodies Will Move On-Line • • Example of New Sensors—Israeli Video Pill – Battery – Light – Video Camera – Wireless Transmitter – Images Stored on Hip Next Step—Putting You On-Line! – Key Metabolic and Physical Variables – Model -- Dozens of Embedded Processors Inside of our Vehicles – Why Do Airplanes Have “Black Boxes” and Our Bodies Don’t? • Post-Genomic Individualized Medicine – Combine Your Genetic Code with Your Body’s Data Flow – Use Powerful AI Data Mining Techniques www. givenimaging. com Cal-(IT)2

Broadband Will Connect 30 Million Homes and Small Businesses in Three Years • • • PCs Always On High Bandwidth Access Corporate Drivers – Ford Motor Co. is Buying – • Home PCs for All its Employees IBM Is Using SBC to Supply 12, 000 Employees with Home DSL Internet Connections Stage is Set for Explosion of Internet Computing – Tie PCs Together as Virtual Megacomputer Source: Kinetic Strategies Inc. , Gilder Technology Report Pioneer Consulting Cal-(IT)2

SETI@home Demonstrated that PC Internet Computing Could Grow to Megacomputers • • • Running on 500, 000 PCs, ~1000 CPU Years per Day – Over Half a Million CPU Years so far! – 22 Teraflops sustained 24 x 7 Sophisticated Data & Signal Processing Analysis Distributes Datasets from Arecibo Radio Telescope Next Step. Allen Telescope Array Cal-(IT)2

Evolving Drugs to Match Evolving AIDS Virus Varying Both Target Molecules and Target Proteins Auto. Dock Application Software Has Been Downloaded to 8000 PCs In Silico Drug Design Art Olson, TSRI Cal-(IT)2

Assembling the Planetary Grid • • • Internet Provides Connectivity Web Provides Hyperlinked Document System Distributed Storage Moves from SAN to NAS Peer-to-Peer Enables File Storing Peer-to-Peer Computing Provides CPU Power • Result--The Distributed Global Computer – Storage everywhere – Scalable computing power – Wireless Interfaces Greatly Outnumber PCs Cal-(IT)2