Ca LP Asia Cash Transfer Programming and Persons

Ca. LP Asia Cash Transfer Programming and Persons of Concern Workshop Centre Point Hotel Chidlom Bangkok, Thailand 14 -15 March 2016

Module 2 – CTP Fundamentals

Module 2 content • What is cash transfer programming? - concepts and terminology • Trends in cash transfer programming • Types of Cash Programs

• Choice and flexibility • Dignity • Power transfer • Links response to recovery Pragmatic reasons Humanitarian reasons Why use cash or vouchers? • Cost efficient • Multiplier effects • Support to local trade linked to economic recovery • Fewer costs for recipients

From Proof of Concept to Use at Increasing Scale Shift from ‘proof of concept’ to acceptance of cash and vouchers as standard humanitarian approaches. Increased provision of cash transfers at scale in appropriate settings • Syria crisis • Typhoon Haiyan • Nepal Donor policy and funding shift towards cash (Top donors – US and the EU) • Cash Atlas 2014: 232 projects (50 multi sectoral) 6'681'696 beneficiaries USD 2'652'452'195 However, total value of CTP 2009 – 2013: still only 6% of total international humanitarian assistance.

CTP with refugees/Po. C – Summary of trends • Increasing interest in using CTP • CTP is being piloted and used in large-scale and protracted displacement settings (UNHCR and WFP) • Where? Used more in in returns and urban contexts rather than camp settings, but increasing use in camps • What? food vouchers, shelter grants, seasonal grants, entrepreneurship grants and returnee assistance; Multipurpose Grants ?

CASH-BASED INTERVENTION / CASH TRANSFER PROGRAMME CASH TRANSFER DIRECT CASH E-CASH UNCONDITIONAL CASH FOR WORK / TRAINING/ ASSETS PAPER VOUCHER VALUE VOUCHER COMMODITY VOUCHER E-VOUCHER PRE-REQUISITE/ QUALIFYING UNRESTRICTED OBJECTIVE(S) & PROCESS RESTRICTED MULTIPURPOSE MULTISECTOR SPECIFIC UTILIZATION MINIMUM EXPENDITURE BASKET (MEB) / SURVIVAL MINIMUM EXPENDITURE BASKET (SMEB)

Cash Grants Cash grants can be subject to restrictions or conditions Conditions • Conditional – recipient must do something (e. g. attend clinic attend school, Cash For Work) in order to be eligible to receive the cash • Unconditional – No requirement to do anything in order to qualify Restrictions • Unrestricted – no restriction on what the money may be spent on. Beneficiary is free to spend money on whatever they choose. • Restricted – Intended exclusively for the purchase of certain commodities (or groups of commodities) Unrestricted grants are used when project objective and beneficiary priorities match (agencies have flexible cross-sectoral mandates)

Why conditionality or restrictions? § To support the objective of the programme or support dual objectives (e. g. cash for work for income support and infrastructure rehabilitation). § To ensure accountability to donors. § An important way to understand people’s priority needs or the conditions/restrictions will not be effective.

Delivery (or payment) mechanisms Mobile money Financial service providers Retailers (electronic and paper vouchers) Direct cash distribution

Video: Multipurpose Cash Grants http: //www. cashlearning. org/resources/videolibrary/multipurpose-cash-grants

Lebanon MPG (8. 37) • http: //www. cashlearning. org/resources/videolibrary/irc-lebanon-case-study

Questions?

Module 3 – Assessments

Module 3 Content § Assessment and vulnerability targeting § Assessing the feasibility of using cash § Tools for market analysis § Financial service providers § Institutional capacity § Mainstreaming protection

When to use CTP? KEY QUESTIONS: Will people be able to buy the goods and services they need at a reasonable price? Supply Prices Needs Markets Delivery mechanism Can cash be delivered and spent in a safe, timely way? CONSIDER CASH TRANSFERS / VOUCHERS as a tool for response Time Security Skills & Capacity Social / political context Gender /Protection Issues

Preconditions for Cash Transfers Functioning and accessible markets for key goods and services Availability of products and services required to meet project objectives Reasonable and stable prices Traders / service providers willing and able to respond the increase in demand Secure and reliable cash payments system Acceptability to recipients / community / government So… CTP not always appropriate! Context may call for cash, in-kind or both. Analysis of response options is key.

Needs Assessment Understanding needs of the target population – what do you need to know to design a programme? § The type and quantity of commodities / services needed at a household level. § The length of time this support will be needed (either one off or over a period of time). § The scale of the needs. Feinstein Centre

Needs Assessments Challenges for Po. C/Refugees • Vulnerability relative to the host community • Access to services • Physical and community access to Po. C in non-camp settings particularly those most vulnerable • Urban settings: Transient nature of displacement • Camp settings: market access challenges; limited livelihoods opportunities • Emergency situations – documentation, access

Protection Tips: Needs Assessment • Gather pre-existing and new situational protection information on sources of threats. • Flag economic/livelihoods-related causes of protection risks. • Use an age, gender and diversity lens.

Vulnerability and Targeting for CTP Who are the transfer recipients? How are they to be targeted?

Targeting Considerations Approaches • Blanket targeting • Geographical targeting • Community based targeting (CBT) Selection Criteria • Vulnerability Criteria • Relative Household wealth • Using ‘bio data’ – e. g. UNHCR Pro. Gres database targeting • Sector-based – e. g. house totally destroyed (shelter) Blended/Hybrid models

Regulatory frameworks & targeting for Po. C • Lack of status or status as illegal migrants • Lack of legal protection in work, consumer disputes • Land/rent disputes settings increase risks of exploitation IMPLICATIONS FOR TARGETING AND VALUE OF ASSISTANCE DEBATE QUESTION: Can interventions help out where restrictive regulatory frameworks deny legal access to services?

Lessons Learned: Targeting for Po. C/Refugees 1. Vulnerability assessment methodology and questionnaires 2. Vulnerability scoring index 3. Protection implications Lessons learned on Vulnerability, Targeting, and Protection from the Danish Refugee Council’s E-Voucher Intervention in Southern Turkey– https: //fic. wistia. com/medias/xgpbg 2 clwb? embed. Type=async&video. Width= 600 Review of Targeting of Cash and Food Assistance for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon, Jordan and Egypt: http: //www. cashlearning. org/downloads/erctargeting-cash-and-food-assistance-web. pdf

Protection Tips (1): Vulnerability Analysis and Targeting • Discuss differences/overlaps between specific needs, protection risks and economic vulnerability. • Examine vulnerability (physical, social, economic and environmental). • Engage communities throughout the targeting process.

Protection Tips (2): Vulnerability Analysis and Targeting • Analyze which aspects can be addressed through CBI. • Identify and assess people with specific needs or protection risks, and refer them to other assistance if CBI is not relevant for them.

Gap Analysis Estimate of gaps facing target population: • Goods/ Services and Quantities: What and how much is needed? Exclude HH capacity and available assistance (other assistance) • Duration and seasonality: How long gap might last and will needs change over seasons (winter) • Quality and preferences: Are there any quality requirements that need adhering to? Do target HH have preferences/ acceptable substitutes? • Are needs identified available in the market? • Will households purchase what they need? Consult any relevant standards and norms (e. g. Sphere standards)

Market Assessments Key questions 1. Are markets / services operating and accessible to affected/ target populations (e. g. refugees)? 2. Are essential goods and services available in sufficient quantities and quality, and at reasonable prices? 3. Are traders / service providers willing and able to respond to increase demand in a timely manner? Remember : Barriers to accessing markets can be physical, financial, social, cultural or related to communications / knowledge In-kind also impacts markets (so markets shouldn’t be assessed only to determine CTP but to contribute to situation analysis)

Multiple needs…

Critical Markets In an emergency situation or in preparedness of a crisis, ‘critical’ market systems are those that played, play or could play a major role in ensuring survival and/or protecting livelihoods of the target population. (EMMA and PCMMA Toolkits) Categories of critical market systems: § For ensuring survival: supply market systems. § For protecting and promoting livelihoods: supply and income market systems.

Critical Markets for Various Needs For ensuring survival For protecting and promoting livelihoods (Supply) Market systems that provide food, essential household items, or services to meet urgent survival needs. (Supply) Market systems that provide essential tools, replace assets, provide agricultural inputs, or deliver vital services. (Income) Market systems that provide jobs, create demand for wage labour or provide buyers for target groups’ own produce. Examples: staple food items, clothing and blankets, shelter materials, essential household items, soap, buckets, bedding, tents, fuel or firewood… Examples: Agricultural tools, fertilizer, fodder, seeds, pumps, veterinary services, credit services, fishing nets, boats, transport services… Examples: Cash crops, livestock, fish and forest products, agricultural and casual labor, reconstruction activities, other employment industries…

Market Assessments – What do they include? Strengthening Markets Video (Logs cluster): http: //www. cashlearning. org/resources/video-library/strengthening-markets-in-crisis

What we measure, why and how… We understand how markets function by collecting information about. . . Prices Volumes Stocks Lead times Seasonality Credit / access to funds Number of actors Transport Accessibility Storage . . and we can measure this by analysing and understanding market performance: Supply and demand, Market integration Market power Market system context This can lead to better responses, based on the functionality of the market

What we measure, why and how… We understand how markets function by collecting information about. . . Prices Volumes Stocks Lead times Seasonality Credit / access to funds Number of actors Transport Accessibility Storage This information is collected using a number of methodologies including: -Questionnaires (open and closed) -Focus Group discussions -Key Informant discussions -Secondary data analysis -Observation -Using tools such as Market Mapping -….

Deciding on the depth of analysis

Market place: Market System Analysis Marketplace Analysis Short intervention time frame Market Systems Analysis Longer intervention time frame (>3 months) Uncertainty about supply Visible abundance/supply in marketplace Short/local supply chains Longer/international supplies Trader capacity high (finance available, Low trader capacity networks exist) Good information flows in market Poor/broken information flows system (speculation/rumours) Simple market systems: few actors Complex market systems NO significant market Income markets/livelihoods support problems/breakages/leakages

Market Assessment Tools Ca. LP/IRC ‘Comparative table of market analysis tools’: http: //www. cashlearning. org/downloads/comparative-tableof-market-analysis-tools-final. pdf MARKET ASSESSMENT TOOLS

Choosing the right tool: Oxfam Compass Designed to help practitioners decide which market analysis toolkit, tool and approach may be of most use in a given context. -Encourages practitioners to look beyond traditional response modalities and investigate potential market support interventions. -Includes guidance on which market analysis tools to use at different phases: Preparedness; Emergency Response; Recovery; Development. http: //prezi. com/vg 0_glhptmi 5/? utm_campaign=share&utm_me dium=copy&rc=ex 0 share

Minimum Requirements for Market Analysis in Emergencies (MRs) Provides checklists, tips and guidance on what to collect in a market assessment, irrespective of which tool is being used Not an assessment or analytical tool, but can be used in conjunction with tools. Focuses on four thematic areas: § scope of assessment § analysis § data collection § monitoring and ensuring data validity

Labour Market Analysis • Specific barriers and constraints • Should analyse: Labour Market Analysis in Humanitarian Contexts: A Practitioner’s Guide: http: //www. cashlearning. org/downloads/lmaguidance---january-2016. pdf – Previous engagement in markets prior to the crisis – Income generation through enterprise opportunities – Existing skills and activities – Potential displacement of local labour

Protection Tips: Market Analysis • Consider safe and equitable access to markets. • Consider protection-related market systems for goods and services. • Consider social relations.

Paper Voucher, Smart Cards, Scratch cards, Mobile phones etc. Using mobile phones Bank cards, Mobile phones, Sim cards etc. Using traders Cash, Money Order, etc. Using Banks Direct Cash Delivery Mechanisms and Instruments Mobile Phones, Sim cards,

Selecting a Cash Transfer Delivery Mechanism • ACTIVITY: Selecting a cash transfer delivery mechanism (ELAN case study) Based on the case study you have been provided: You are assigned to manage one of the programs listed below and must decide which type of response and payment mechanism (for cash-based programs) is best suited for the program. Your agency favors market-based responses whenever possible. Report to the group with the following: - Which payment mechanism you selected and why - Two or three key questions will require follow-up assessments

Protecting Beneficiary Privacy Challenges: § There a multiplicity of actors. § There is an increasing volume of (sensitive) data with no guidelines for collection process. § There is a lack of communication with beneficiaries. Constraints: § Reactivity § International / national legal frameworks § Cost-effectiveness News ! Online Training Now available on Ca. LP Website (cashlearning. org) and at : https: //disasterready. csod. com/LMS/Lo. Details/Details. Lo. aspx? loid=b 563 b 67 d-719 c-4194 -b 673 -81 c 48 f 9 ce 59 a#t=1

Protecting Beneficiary Privacy Definition of 8 operational principles Principles for the secure use of personal data in cash and e-transfer programmes: Respect privacy Protect by design Understand data flow and risks Quality and accuracy Obtain consent or inform beneficiaries as to the use of their data § Security § Disposal § Accountability § § §

Protection Tips: Delivery Mechanism Selection • Consider safety, freedom of movement and preferences. • Ensure service provider selection reflects protection risk and benefit analysis as well as cost and capacity. • Include data protection and confidentiality in service agreements/SOPs.

Institutional Capacity assessment

Purpose of the OCAT • Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool (OCAT) is intended for organisations to self-assess their capacity to deliver or scale-up CTP effectively – Can be used to identify capacity gaps & needs in key functional areas, and to measure progress – Not intended as performance evaluation or comparison of un-related organizations – Designed for organizations of any type or size – can adapt definitions to the specific context – Multi-country or multi-member organizations can agree definitions & targets to use

OCAT Categories Assessment covers six ‘Categories’ of organizational capacity: – – – Governance/Leadership Organizational Management Human Resources Capacity Financial Management Capacity Program/Project Management External Relations

OCAT Format & Content Worksheets are for scoring & graphing results… … and for recording recommendations to address gaps

Module 4 – Response Analysis

Response Analysis Benefits Needs Assessment Market Analysis Vulnerability Analysis and Targeting Protection Risk and Benefit Analysis Delivery Mechanism Selection Design and Implementation Monitoring Risks

Objective of Response Analysis. . . to identify the responses that are most appropriate to local people, feasible, cost effective and cost efficient that can be implemented by Agencies, partners and other actors. Response analysis must be based on the gap and market analyses, recommending direct and/ or indirect response options depending on the opportunities and capacities of the implememting agencies and context.

Cost-efficiency & Cost-effectiveness Input Outcome Cost-efficiency Cost of delivering programme: § Running costs § Operational costs Impact Cost-effectiveness § § § § § Objectives Agency mandate Community priorities Government priorities Opportunities for sustainability Feasibility (risks, time) Low chance of negative impact Value for money Available resources

Problems Root causes/ Vulnerabilities Inadequate Shelter Potential Solutions MPG Lack of cash Feasibility Chosen solutions MPG

Ca. LP’s research www. cashlearning. org/what-we-do/research

Ca. LP’s research www. cashlearning. org/what-we-do/research