By: Monica Pilarski David Bernstein Jenny Smith
The Sciences n Cloning comes from the Greek word “klwn” meaning twig. The reason? It’s simple, every plant you buy at any garden center is a clone of some distant relative, which once supplied a side-shoot for rooting.
The Procedures n 1) 2) 3) 4) Cloning is a long and rigorous process that includes many step by step procedures. Here is a brief overview of some of the steps. Using a laparoscope, scientists retrieve eggs from the female subject. Next, they place the eggs under a microscope and use a pipette to puncture them and extract the nuclei out of the cells. Later, they isolate the nucleus and use a mild electrical shock to coax the nucleus into moving into the genetically empty egg. After days of monitoring the health of the resulting clone, the fertilized egg is then inserted into the mother to begin its new stage of development.
Benefits n n One of the most valuable benefits that cloning has, is the ability to clone healthy human organs. Scientists have stated that cloning can be used to clone a healthy organ of some sort and replace the damaged with the new healthy one. A specific example is that of a heart - by being able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. Cloning can also benefit humans in other ways such as: repairing defective genes, replacing cancer cells, and helping infertility.
Dolly n n n Dolly was not created by the “normal” union of a sperm and egg cell from two parents. Instead, she was created from the sex cells of one sheep. Dolly was created in a glass dish where the nucleus of a cell was taken from an adult sheep and inserted into an egg. The successful cloning of Dolly brings us a step closer in being able to clone humans.
The Ethics n n Cloning is one of the most controversial issues in today’s society due to every person’s own set of moral beliefs. There are many different policies that must be considered when conducting clinical research.
7 Ethical Requirements of Clinical Research 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Value - when doing experimentation with cloning, we must first decide whether or not the conclusions will lead to some sort of improvement in health and well-being. Scientific Validity – there must be a clear objective for cloning. Cloning research must be based on proven scientific knowledge and methods. Fair Subject Selection - In choosing subjects to take part in cloning, there mustn’t be any biases or discrimination. Favorable risk-benefit ratio - minimize the risk and maximize the benefits of cloning. Independent Review – A board reviews the topics and ethical issues of cloning. Informed Consent – When human cloning begins it will be relevant that the subject give consent to the experimentation. Respect for Enrolled Subjects – Those who take place in cloning research or processes must be guaranteed their human rights and be given the proper respect.
The Law n n n There have been numerous bills that have been introduced into Congress to prohibit or control cloning practices. Congress explains that cloning is illegal in the following terms: “It shall be unlawful for any person or entity – 1) to perform or attempt human cloning 2) to participate in an attempt to perform human cloning 3) to ship or receive the product of human cloning for any purpose. Federal funding of cloning is prohibited in the US.
National Institute of Health • • • Research should be allowed on preexisting embryos. In certain compelling instances, researchers would be allowed to remove embryonic cells from embryos that were meant for in vitro fertilization. Impregnating clone embryos into humans should be banned. National Bioethics Advisory Commission • It is morally unacceptable for anyone in public or private sector to clone humans. • Any attempt to clone humans is irresponsible and unethical. • It is ok to clone DNA sequences, cell lines, and animals because it does not raise the issues human cloning does. • There should be regulations on the humane use of animals.
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