BUSS 909 Office Automation & Intranets Lecture 4 Media and Document Architectures Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 1
Notices 1 n a new Tutorial has been added called T 3 3: 30 -4: 30 - see the list on my door for membership n three students have put their name into two classes (2169927, 2291447, 2077644) please correct this n students requesting changes should find a person to swap with and then both students should let me know- ASAP! Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 2
Notices 2 n An extension has been granted for Assignment 1 - it was due 2/4/01 Week 5 but is now due 9/4/01 Week 6 n primarily because we have some late enrolling students who are still finalising topics n some students have recently changed topics- I am extremely reluctant to change topics due to lack of source materials n does not affect subsequent due date for assignments! Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 3
Agenda 1 n the application we will discuss this lecture is document management which fits with OA used to support office workflow n Document management is a good example of an application well-suited to client/server- many of the core processes can be applied to intranets in organisations Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 4
Agenda 2 n for OA and Intranets- it is necessary to be able to analyse the types of documents that are used in an office n over the next few lectures will discuss the media, elements, markup, documents, document types, stylesheets and database publishing that can constitute modern OA and web-based intranets Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 5
Agenda 3 n Classification of different types of media can be found in Gibbs and Tsichritzis (1995) Reading #3 Media Types 15 -77 n this is also a good reading for Lecture 11 Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 6
Media Convergence & Diversification Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 7
Media Convergence n convergence is a term used to describe the coming together of all communication and computing devices - as described by Nicholas Negroponte (MIT Media Labs) n separate media (eg/ television) are being merged into digital form over time (the computer provides the means for this functionality) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 8
Media Convergence n recall that most OA development occurred in the mid-1970 s to late 1980 s n OA contributed to digital convergence by: n using client/server architectures n setting the stage for developments in CSCW and Groupware (described in Lecture 3) n promoting the use of Compound Document Architectures (CDAs), SGML etc Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 9
Media Convergence c. 1994 Media: television & film music, print Video Servers Interactive Advertisements Home shopping Telecomms: information structure switching, routing Multimedia Drives Playstations HDTV teleputer PDAs & Dynabooks Internet Multimedia Enhanced Music CDs Electronic Books Interactive Movies Consumer Electronics and Computing Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 10
Media Convergence c. 2005 Hypermedia Interactive Advertisements Interactive Multimedia Videogames Enhanced Music Interactive Movies Enhanced Books Electronic Publishing HDTV Remote Shopping Videophones Groupware Teleconferencing Surrogate (Virtual) Travel Consumer Infotainment Edutainment Virtual Reality Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 11
Media Convergence wrt Implementation n Negroponte predicts that the computer will become an information appliance n systems which represent early attempts to implement an information appliance include: n Apple Computer- i. Mac Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 12
Media Convergence wrt Implementation n there is no agreement on what an information appliance will look like: n Replace your television with a computer or vice versa? n Buy a new set-top box sitting to sit beside your Home Entertainment Unit? n Will information be carried over cable, telephone lines, or airwaves? n Will you buy computation like electricity? Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 13
Media Diversification 1 n at the same time as media convergence is occurring- everything is becoming digital. . . n … new forms of digital information are being created and added to existing services all the time- media diversification n eg/. WWW has an extensible approach to adding the ability to use new media types Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 14
Media Diversification 2 n determining the type of elements that could be in HTML files is complex n new browser plug ins are made available fo new media (the BUSS 909 Intranet pages) will soon have links at a large number of plug-ins- some of which will be unfamiliar to you Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 15
Media Diversification 3 n servers add a header to each document that tells the browser the type of file it is sending n the browser determines how to handle the file based on that information- whether to display the contents in the window or to launch an appropriate plugin or helper application Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 16
Media Diversification 5 n the system for communicating media types (Niederst 1999, 61) resembles Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension or MIME which was developed for sending attachments in email n the server needs to be configured to recognize each MIME type in order to successfully communicate the media type to the browser Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 17
Media Diversification 6 Changing nature of the ‘document’ nhaving documents in digital form is one thing, but this is useless if the information is locked inside them and inaccessible- need to transform documents into information nthis has led to fundamental changes in what constitutes a document, and its organisation to facilitate information retrieval Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 18
Media Diversification 7 Hypertext n. Major advances have been made in media types and modes of access used in documents- distinctions classify between Hypertext, Multimedia & Hypermedia n. Hypertextngenerally consist of one or more text oriented media at the nodes nuni- or bi-directional links between nodes nasynchronous accessing of nodes Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 19
Media Diversification 8 Hypertext Components of various media types Anchor Link Source: Hardman, Bulterman & van Rossum (1994) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 20
Media Diversification 9 Multimedia n generally consist of many types of media at the nodes (video, sound, text and images) n uni- or bi-directional links between nodes n synchronous accessing of individual nodes but asynchronous accessing between nodes Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 21
Media Diversification 10 Multimedia Time Components of various media types Anchor Link Source: Hardman, Bulterman & van Rossum (1994) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 22
Media Diversification 11 Hypermedia n combination of hypertext and multimedia n nodes consist of many types of media (video, sound, text and images) n uni- or bi-directional links between nodes n asynchronous or synchronous accessing of individual nodes depending on media type n but asynchronous accessing between nodes Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 23
Media Diversification 12 Hypermedia Components of various media types Anchor Link Source: Hardman, Bulterman & van Rossum (1994) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 24
Documents & Elements http: //www. capv. com/dss/resources/glossary/list. htm Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 25
Documents & Elements Definitions n Document is an organized collection of information (which may contain one or more elements) for human consumption, regardless of media. n Element is a basic, tagged component of a document (term developed in SGML and commonly used elsewhere) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 26
Document Decomposition n In order to be able to create an OA system, you need to know the structure and function of documents and how they relate to business processes n Document Decomposition involves breaking down or disassembling a document into its constituent elements before putting it into a repository system. Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 27
Granularity n How small a bite of a document a system can manage? n Can your document management system manage anything smaller than an entire file? n Does it know about and manage the elements of documents found within files, such as paragraphs and sections? Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 28
Granularity n these are questions about granularity n the term itself implies that there is a continuum in how fine an element a system can manage n In fact, systems either can or cannot look inside a document file. If it can, then it's extremely likely that it can handle any size element. Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 29
Content n Content is what is inside a document, abstracted from its format or appearance n the content of this document involves principles and definition used in actual OA systems n regardless of whether these have been highlighted Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 30
Markup Definition n Codes inserted into a document to indicate its formatting or structure n Mark up systems may require authors to: n insert markup codes by hand n let the author press a function key and the system automatically inserted it, or n they may hide the codes from the viewer but instead showed their effect- WYSIWYG. Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 31
Markup Procedural n two types of markup- Procedural and Declarative n Procedural markup inserts codes that have immediate effect. n eg. / "<B>" might turn on bolding until a "</B>" is encountered. Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 32
Markup Declarative n paragraphs and other elements are tagged with an identifier (e. g. a name) and applies formats defined for elements with that identifier n eg. / the start of a paragraph might have a "para" and format it according to the rules established by the author (via a style sheet perhaps) for elements named "para. " Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 33
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//Soft. Quad//DTD Ho. TMeta. L PRO 4. 0: : 19971010: : extensions to HTML 4. 0//EN" "hmpro 4. dtd"> <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>BUSS 909: Main Screen</TITLE> <META HTTP-EQUIV="expires" CONTENT="0"> </HEAD> Information which is not displayed in the browser <BODY BGCOLOR="#000080" TEXT="#FFFFFF" LINK="#FF 0080" VLINK="#8000 FF" ALINK="#FF 0000"> <!-- BUSS 909 Title --> <TABLE BGCOLOR="#000000" WIDTH="0" BORDER="BORDER"> <TR> <TD WIDTH="69" BGCOLOR="#000000"><IMG SRC="uow. gif" ALT="UOW Crest" WIDTH="60" HEIGHT="73"></TD> <TD WIDTH="377" BGCOLOR="#000000"><FONT FACE="Impact" COLOR="#FFFFFF" SIZE="+4"> <FONT COLOR="#FFFF 00">BUSS 909 Intranet</FONT> </TD> </TR> </TABLE> Procedural Markup <!-- Notices --> <H 2><FONT FACE="Arial" COLOR="#FFFFFF">Notices</FONT> </H 2> <UL> Anchor definition (Relative URL) <LI><FONT FACE="Arial">Make sure you have picked up a <A HREF="subj 99. doc">BUSS 909 Subject Outline</A>, and attached Student Guide to some of the University's Regulations and Codes of Conduct, Faculty and Department Policies. </FONT></LI> : Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 34
Desktop Publishing/WP: Application of Markup Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 35
Desktop Publishing (1) n a term coined by Paul Brainerd, founder of Aldus (Page. Maker) around 1985. n refers to the use of inexpensive desktop technology to accomplish what previously required very expensive, proprietary publishing systems to accomplish n previous commercial publishing systems replaced light tables and hot wax used to arrange parts of documents into pages Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 36
Desktop Publishing (2) n the first DTP systems were so rigidly page-based that if an article couldn't fit entirely onto one page, the user would have to cut and paste the overflow manually n DTP is the opposite of WP since the latter so completely automated page layout that authors had little control over the look of the document Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 37
Desktop Publishing (3) From WP and DTP to DMS n today, word processors and DTP overlap n many authors find their WPs more than adequate for achieving good-looking pages, and n DTP continues to be used primarily on highly-designed documents that are ready for their final layout n there is now a new movement. . . Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 38
Desktop Publishing (4) From WP and DTP to DMS n the new (compound) document management systems (DMS) try to avoid investing in labor that cannot be reused n authors create content which are automatically composed into the required outputs n adjusting format, medium and content appropriately, and n are then reused by readers Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 39
Desktop Publishing (5) Difficulties with DTP. . . n the new document management systems focus on the information in the document and apply formatting information based on that information n DTP does not fit comfortably in this model because it is focused not on information but on presentation, n once a document is laid out using DTP software, it cannot easily be reused Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 40
Desktop Publishing (5) …Difficulties with DTP. . . n if you can recover the text and graphics from a DTP document, all the work of the designer is lost n while DTP definitely has a role in such systems, it would be a mistake to base such a system around DTP software Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 41
Compound Document Architectures http: //www. capv. com/dss/resources/glossary/list. htm Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 42
Compound Document Architectures n Compound Document Architectures describe and permit the manipulation of document components of different data types by software applications n Some compound document architectures limit data types. (See OLE, Open. Doc, DOM) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 43
Compound Document Architectures Compound Document Management n documents can contain many different types of data, text, drawings, photos, multimedia, etc. which are ‘live’ in that they still carry with them the information required to edit or reuse them n compound document management systems manage both revisable and non-revisable information Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 44
Compound Document Architectures Configuration Management Systems (1) n documents can be considered as having parts that can be reused in certain circumstances n these parts need to be carefully analysed in an organisation n configuration management tracks the relationships between the parts. Systems that know which pieces are used where, even-or especially-if some parts are used in more than one place. Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 45
Compound Document Architectures Configuration Management Systems (2) n if an element changes, the system knows all the documents incorporating the element are out of date- revision or version control n it then takes some action such as alerting authors or readers or updating each affected file automatically n enable documents to be built from bills of materials- a list of elements and data required to reproduce the document Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 46
Database Publishing http: //www. capv. com/dss/resources/glossary/list. htm Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 47
Database Publishing n organisation has information stored in corporate databases n a set of targeted documents are to be produced that vary only in data drawn from that database n the process is automated so that data is drawn from the database n information is inserted into the correct locations in the publications Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 48
Database Publishing n this can range from for example: n very simple: Form Letters in which only the return address and name vary, to n very complex: four-color retail catalogs created on-demand, varying according to recipient's interests, area of the country, buying habits, and credit history Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 49
Database Publishing n this might sound like simple form letters or receipts with which you will already be familiar n but the major difference with database publishing is that the data extracted from the database determines other conditional aspects of the document n these include. . . Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 50
Database Publishing n information: “If it’s in Queensland, add a warning about the need for sun block” n document design “If the customer is older than 65, increase the font size so they can read it” n packaging “If it’s going to someone under 15, include a free game” Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 51
Database Publishing Document Management Systems n manage collections of documents n aid in the creation storage, manipulation retrieval, assembly, or delivery of documents n minimum requirement for a document management system is a check-in/check-out library service Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 52
Database Publishing Document Management Systems n typically packaged with a set of text oriented tools to manipulate documents, including text retrieval, workflow, formatting, and editing n also designed to manage the capture, storage, retrieval, and routing of nonrevisable images typically scanned document pages Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 53
Database Publishing Assets or Component Management n Asset oriented: manage document assets or page description language files for either print or electronic output (on-demand printing) n Component oriented: manages document objects or components as well as document structures as separate entities and are not restricted by file system boundaries Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 54
Database Publishing Document Conversion Systems n systems that convert document information from one format to another, including OCR, markup language, formatting language, or page description language conversion n necessary in order to prepare existing legacy documents for Document Management Systems Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 55
Database Publishing Document Interoperability Standards n standards that facilitate the sharing of document content, structure, and processing information between document management applications and other applications between multiple document repositories, and among network and distributed object architectures. n DMA, ODMA, CORBA, SGML Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 56
Next Week n this week, we have seen that OA & Intranets use many types of media and are expected to cope with the creation of new forms of media n next week, we describe SGML which is the technological link between OA Systems and intranet technologies (including HTML, XML and the Web) Clarke, R. J (2001) L 909 -04: 57
Скачать презентацию BUSS 909 Office Automation Intranets Lecture 4
faf6b34dc14f7178e6778d28eadc0fa0.ppt