Business Organization The geography of Kira London

Business Organization

The geography of Kira London, UK U_Lead Group Budapest, Hungary CEU Business School Zug, Switzerland Vienna, Austria WORLD OF TOURISM Frosinone, Italy. Kira Müller Sofia, BG K. Ohridski Week 1: INTRODUCTION

The Concept of Business and Profit • Business – An organization that provides goods or services that are then sold to earn profits. • Profits – The difference between a business’s revenues and its expenses. The rewards owners get for risking their money and time. • Consumer Choice and Demand – The freedom of consumers to choose how to satisfy their wants and needs. – The freedom of business owners to decide how to meet those wants and needs. • Opportunity and Enterprise – Success in business requires spotting a promising opportunity and then developing a good plan for capitalizing on it. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Concept of Business and Profit (cont. ) • The Benefits of Business – Provision of goods and services – Employment of workers – Innovation and opportunities – Increased quality of life and standard of living – Enhanced personal incomes of owners and stockholders – Tax payments support government – Support for charities and community leadership © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business • External Environment – Everything outside an organization’s boundaries that might affect it • The domestic business environment • The global business environment • The technological environment • The political-legal environment • The sociocultural environment • The economic environment © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business (cont. ) • Domestic Business Environment – The environment in which a firm conducts its operations and derives its revenues by: • Seeking to be close to its customers • Establishing strong relationships with its suppliers • Distinguishing itself from its competitors © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business (cont. ) • Global Business Environment – The international forces that affect a business: • International trade agreements • International economic conditions • Political unrest • International market opportunities • Suppliers • Cultures • Competitors • Currency values © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business (cont. ) • Technological Environment – All the ways by which firms create value for their constituents: • Human knowledge • Work methods • Physical equipment • Electronics and telecommunications • Various business activity processing systems © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business (cont. ) • Political-Legal Environment – The regulatory relationship between business and the government (legal system) and its agencies that define what organizations can and can’t do: • Product identification laws • Local zoning requirements • Advertising practices • Safety and health considerations • Acceptable standards of business conduct – Pro- or anti-business sentiment in government and political stability are also important considerations, especially for international firms. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business (cont. ) • Sociocultural Environment – The customs, mores, values, and demographic characteristics of the society in which an organization functions – Sociocultural processes determine the goods, services, and standards of business conduct a society is likely to accept © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The External Environments of Business (cont. ) • Economic Environment – The relevant conditions that exist in the economic system in which a company operates – Examples: • If an economy is doing well enough that most people have jobs, a growing company may find it necessary to pay higher wages and offer more benefits in order to attract workers from other companies. • If many people in an economy are looking for jobs, a firm may be able to pay less and offer fewer benefits. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Systems • Economic System – A nation’s system for allocating its resources among its citizens, both individuals and organizations • Factors of Production Labor: Human resources Capital: Financial resources Entrepreneurs: Persons who risk starting a business Physical resources: Tangible things used to conduct business – Information resources: Data and other information used by businesses – – © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Types of Economic Systems • Planned Economy – A centralized government controls all or most factors of production and makes all or most production and allocation decisions for the economy. • Market Economy – Individual producers and consumers control production and allocation by creating combinations of supply and demand. • Market – A mechanism of exchange between buyers and sellers of a good or service. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Planned Economies • Communism – A system Karl Marx envisioned in which individuals would contribute according to their abilities and receive benefits according to their needs. • The government owns and operates all factors of production. • The government assigns people to jobs and owns all businesses and controls business decisions. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Market Economics • Capitalism – The government supports private ownership and encourages entrepreneurship. – Individuals choose where to work, what to buy, and how much to pay. – Producers choose who to hire, what to produce, and how much to charge. • Mixed Market Economy – Features characteristics of both planned and market economies. – Privatization: The process of converting government enterprises into privately owned companies. – Socialism: The government owns and operates select major industries such as banking and transportation. Smaller businesses are privately owned. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Economics of Market Systems • Demand – The willingness and ability of buyers to purchase a product (a good or a service). • Supply – The willingness and ability of producers to offer a good or service for sale. • The Laws of Demand Supply in a Market Economy – Demand: Buyers will purchase (demand) more of a product as its price drops and less of a product as its price increases. – Supply: Producers will offer (supply) more of a product for sale as its price rises and less of a product as its price drops. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Demand Supply in a Market Economy • Demand Supply Schedule – The relationships among different levels of demand supply at different price levels as obtained from marketing research, historical data, and other studies of the market. • Demand curve: How much product will be demanded (bought) at different prices. • Supply curve: How much product will be supplied (offered for sale) at different prices. • Market price (equilibrium price): The price at which the quantity of goods demanded and the quantity of goods supplied are equal. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 1. 2 Demand Supply © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 1. 2 Demand Supply (Cont. ) © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Surpluses and Shortages • Surplus – A situation in which the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded • Causes losses • Shortage – A situation in which the quantity demanded will be greater than the quantity supplied • Causes lost profits • Invites increased competition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Private Enterprise in a Market Economy • Private Enterprise System – Allows individuals to pursue their own interests with minimal government restriction. • Elements of a Private Enterprise System – Private property rights – Freedom of choice – Profits – Competition © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Degrees of Competition • Perfect Competition – Prices are determined by supply and demand because no single firm is powerful enough to influence the price of its product. • All firms in an industry are small. • The number of firms in the industry is large. – Principles of perfect competition: • Buyers view all products as identical. • Buyers and sellers know the prices that others are paying and receiving in the marketplace. • It is easy for firms to enter or leave the market. • Prices are set exclusively by supply and demand accepted by both sellers and buyers. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Degrees of Competition (Cont. ) • Monopolistic Competition – There are numerous sellers trying to differentiate their products from those of competitors so as to have some control over price. – There are many sellers, though fewer than in pure competition. – Sellers can enter or leave the market easily. – The large number of buyers relative to sellers applies potential limits to prices. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Degrees of Competition (Cont. ) • Oligopoly – An industry with only a few large sellers. – Entry by new competitors is hard because large capital investment is needed. – The actions of one firm can significantly affect the sales of every other firm in the industry. – The prices of comparable products are usually similar. – As the trend toward globalization continues, most experts believe that oligopolies will become increasingly prevalent. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Degrees of Competition (Cont. ) • Monopoly – An industry or market that has only one producer (or else is so dominated by one producer that other firms cannot compete with it). • The sole supplier enjoys complete control over the prices of its products; its only constraint is a decrease in consumer demand due to increased prices. – Natural monopolies: Industries in which one firm can most efficiently supply all needed goods or services; typically allowed and regulated by legislated acts and governmental agencies. • Example: Electric company © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicators • Economic Indicators – Statistics that show whether an economic system is strengthening, weakening, or remaining stable – Measure key goals of the U. S. economic system: economic growth and economic stability – Economic growth indicators • Aggregate output, standard of living, gross domestic product, and productivity – Economic stability indicators • Inflation and unemployment © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Growth, Aggregate Output, and Standard of Living • Business Cycle – The pattern of short-term ups and downs (or, better, expansions and contractions) in an economy. • Aggregate Output – Growth during the business cycle is measured by the total quantity of goods and services produced by an economic system during a given period. • Standard of Living – The total quantity and quality of goods and services that consumers can purchase with the currency used in their economic system. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicators (cont. ) • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) – An aggregate output measure of the total value of all goods and services produced within a given period by a national economy through domestic factors of production. • If GDP is going up, aggregate output is going up; if aggregate output is going up, the nation is experiencing economic growth. • Gross National Product (GNP) – The total value of all goods and services produced by a national economy within a given period, regardless of where the factors of production are located. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicators (cont. ) • Real Growth Rate – The growth rate of GDP adjusted for inflation and changes in the value of the country’s currency • Growth depends on output increasing at a faster rate than population. • Real GDP – GDP that has been adjusted to account for changes in currency values and price changes. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicators (cont. ) • Nominal GDP – GDP measured in current dollars or with all components valued at current prices. • GDP per Capita – A reflection of the standard of living: GDP per capita means GDP person. – It is a better measure of the economic well-being of the average person than GDP itself. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicators (cont. ) • Purchasing Power Parity – The principle that exchange rates are set so that the prices of similar products in different countries are about the same. – Indicates what people can buy with the financial resources allocated to them by their respective economic systems—a better sense of standards of living across the globe. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 1. 3 Purchasing Power Parity – Big Mac Index © 2009 Pearson Education,

Economic Growth • Productivity – A measure of economic growth that compares how much product a system produces with the resources needed to produce that product. • If more product is produced with fewer factors of production, the price of the product decreases. • The standard of living in an economy improves through increases in productivity. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Growth (cont. ) • Balance of Trade – The economic value of all the products a country exports minus the economic value of its imported products. • Positive balance of trade: When a country exports (sells to other countries) more than it imports (buys from other countries). • Negative balance of trade: When a country imports more than it exports. Commonly called a trade deficit. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Balance of Trade • How does a trade deficit affect economic growth? – The deficit exists because the amount of money spent on foreign products has not been paid in full. In effect, therefore, it is borrowed money, and borrowed money costs more money in the form of interest. – The money that flows out of the country to pay off the deficit cannot be used to invest in productive enterprises, either at home or overseas. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 1. 4 Balance of Trade © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Growth (cont. ) • National Debt – The amount of money that the government owes its creditors. • Financed by borrowing in the form of bonds: Securities through which the government promises to pay buyers certain amounts of money by specified future dates. • Government competition with potential borrowers for available loan money reduces private borrowing for investments that would increase productivity. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Growth (cont. ) • Stability – A condition in which the amount of money available in an economic system and the quantity of goods and services produced in it are growing at about the same rate. • Inflation – Inflation occurs when the amount of money injected into an economy exceeds the increase in actual output, resulting in price increases exceeding purchasing power increases. • Inflation rate: The percentage change in a price index such as the CPI. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Indicators • Consumer Price Index (CPI) – A measure of the prices of typical products purchased by consumers living in urban areas • Compared against base period—an arbitrarily selected time period against which other time periods are compared. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Growth (cont. ) • Unemployment – The level of joblessness among people actively seeking work in an economic system • Low unemployment—a shortage of labor available for businesses to hire; results in higher wages. • Higher wages reduce hiring, which increases unemployment; results in lower wages. • Cyclical Unemployment – Businesses continuing to eliminate jobs during a business cycle downturn cause more reduced revenues and further job losses. © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Economic Growth (cont. ) • Recession – A period during which aggregate output, as

Key Terms aggregate output balance of trade business cycle capitalism communism competition consumer price index demand and supply schedule demand curve depression domestic business environment economic indicators economic system entrepreneur external environment factors of production fiscal policies global business environment gross domestic product (GDP) gross national product (GNP) inflation information resources labor (human resources) law of demand © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

Key Terms (cont. ) law of supply market economy market price (equilibrium price) mixed market economy monetary policies monopolistic competition monopoly national debt natural monopoly nominal GDP oligopoly perfect competition physical resources planned economy political-legal environment private enterprise privatization productivity profits purchasing power parity real GDP recession shortage socialism sociological environment stability stabilization policy © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.