Bulgarian Computer Industry A brief History Kiril Boyanov

East European steps in Computing The first Soviet Computers: 1948 -1951 Small Electronic Computer, acad. S. Lebedev, Kiev, USSR 1953 - High-speed Electronic computer, 1024 words 39 digits on vacuum tubes, magnetic drum, 8 K oper/sec Soviet Computers in the period 1953 -60: Strela, Ural, Setun, M -20, Kiev, Mir, HSEC, Rasdan, Nairi. . Soviet Computers on semiconductors 1962 -70: Razdan and Minsk family: Minsk 2, Minsk 23, Minsk 32 Romania: CIFA-1, CIFA-2 (1961) Bulgaria: Vitosha (1964) DDR: D 2, R 4 (1963 -65) Poland: Odra family (1961 -67)

Where is Bulgaria in Europe

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers 1963 – Vitosha computer (vacuum tubes) 1965 – ELKA 6521, the first Bulgarian electronic calculator 1968 – Facom computer (transistors), license agreement with Fujitsu-Fanuk 1969 – specialization of Bulgaria in the production of central processors, disk and tape drive memories within the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers Basic parameters of the Vitosha Computer About 1500 vacuum tubes Word – 40 bits, 2 instructions in one word, Index registers - 3 Random access memory – 4096 words on magnetic drum – 3000 rpm Parallel arithmetic unit with 20 ms time for the “Add” instruction Input – punched tape with speed 7 rows/s Output – serial printer with speed 20 char/s Dimensions – 4 m width, 2 m height

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers – some photos Photo of the first Bulgarian Computer Vitosha

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers Input “ 0” Input “ 1” 4. 7 k 50 100 k 10 k 33 k 4. 7 k 100 k 50 50 100 k 50 1 k 1 k 10 k 33 k Output “ 0” Output “ 1” - 35 V Circuit Diagram of a RS trigger – the basic module of the Vitosha computer (1963)

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers – some photos Vitosha computer photo of the basic module containing 4 RS triggers

Georgi Alipiev, Victor Toma, Kiril Boyanov

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers – some photos Moscow -1963 Demonstration of the Vitosha Computer -The first woman-cosmonaut in the world is in the middle.

First Bulgarian steps in digital computers – some photos Bulgarian electronic calculators ELKA (1966)

Geographical disposition of Bulgarian computer production Research&Development - Central Institute of computer technique (2400 persons in 1989) – Sofia Mainframe computers, Sofia Mini-Computers, Sofia Electronic Cash registers, Sofia, Silistra Disk Drive Memories, Stara Zagora Magnetic Disks, Pazardzik Tape Drive Memories, Plovdiv Magnetic heads for computer memories, Razlog Mechanical constructions, Blagoevgrad Printed circuit boards, Ruse, Bjala Micro-Computers, Pravetz Integrated Circuits, Botevgrad

Research & Development §Central Institute of computer technique (ca. 2400 persons in 1989), Sofia §Institute for Microprocessors Systems (ca. 1050 persons in 1989), Sofia §Bulgarian Academy of Sciences – CICT, ITKR, Sofia §Technical university, Sofia

ЕС ЕИМ SOFTWARE COMPUTER SYSTEMS Software for service OS DEVICES MODELS ЕС 1010 Mainframe OS 10/ЕС ЕС 1020 Chanels MOS/EC ЕС 1021 Ext. St. Unit. DOS/EC ЕС 1030 Perifer. dev. OS/EC ЕС 1040 Timesharing ЕС 1050 Control Panel ЕС 1060 Application Softtware

Mainframe Computers Production 1971 – US 1020, IBM 360 compatible 1974 – US 1022, IBM 360 compatible 1980 – US 1035, IBM 370 compatible 1985 – US 2706, Array Processor 40 MIPS 1986 – US 2709, High Performance Processor, 64 bit word, over 18 MIPS, 4 MB RAM, up to 4 processors in parallel 1988 – US 1037, Computer System with 32 bit CPU - 1, 8 MIPS, 16 MB RAM, 317 MB HDD, IBM 370 compatible 1989 – APS-48, Parallel processing workstation based on 48 Transputers of Inmos Corp.

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 Computer System (1971) 256 KB ferrite core memory CPU with 142 Instruction Set Fixed Point Add Instruction 20 -30 µs Power consumption 4, 5 KW

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos Control panel of US 1020 computer system (1971)

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system Basic module with TTL Small Scale Integration Circuits (1971)

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 5512 Tape subsystem controller for 8 tape drives (1971)

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 5512 Disk subsystem controller (1971)

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 6012 Punch Card Reader

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 6022 Punch Tape Reader

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 7010 Punch Card Output Device

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 7030 Line Printer

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos US 1020 computer system US 8501 Operator’s Console

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos ISOT 1703 E high performance computer system based on US 1037 Computer System and US 2706 Array Processor

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos The Parallel processing workstation APS-48 is based on 48 Transputers of Inmos Corp. (1989)

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos Basic module with 8 processors for APS-48 (1989)

Mainframe Computers Production – some photos PC module of Transputer Development System (1989) Disk Drive Controller for APS-48, based on transputers (1989)

Personal computers IMKO “Pravetz“ was a Bulgarian personal computer line, that was developed by Ivan Marangozov and produced at the ITKR – BAS, and manufactured mainly in the town of Pravetz, in BAS and some components were produced in other Bulgarian cities. The computer architectures of Apple (in Pravec 8 X, except for Pravec 8 D) (Apple I, Apple II) and IBM PC (in Pravec 16) were used. All 8 -digit computers “Pravetz” had processors 6502 at work frequency 1, 018 MHz or its Bulgarian edition СМ 630.

Pravetz 16 were IBM PC compatible, with Intel 8088 and Intel 8086 processors. At first they were developed by the name of “IMKO-4". Pravetz 16 А/Н - „Improved“ version of Pravetz 16, with processor v 20 of NEC at 8 MHz, 1 MB memory and 20 MB hard disc. The special feature is that the processor’s measure frequency could be expanded to 12 MHz, and 384 k. B of the memory could be used as a virtual disk. Pravetz 16 Т – has Intel 8088 at 10 MHz and 640 k. B memory. Pravetz 286 – has Intel 80286 8/12 at MHz and 1 MB memory. Pravetz 386 – has Intel 80386 SX at 25 MHz and 1 MB memory.

Pravetz 16

Mini and Micro Computers Production 1974 – IZOT 0310, 8 bit, PDP 8 compatible 1981 – 16 bit, 64 KB RAM, PDP 11 compatible 1986 – US 1832, IBM PC/XT compatible 1988 – 16 bit, 1 MB RAM, 0. 5 MIPS, 20 MB HDD, PDP 11 compatible 1988 – US 1838, IBM PC/AT compatible 1989 – 32 bit, 8 MB RAM, 2 x 300 MB HDD, Vax compatible

Minicomputer MS 1706 (1986)

Personal computer US 1832 (1986) IBM PC/XT compatible

Mini and Micro Computers Production - some photos One of the modules of Disk Drive Controller for Navy Computer System (1985)

Disk Drives Production 1968 –foundation of DZU factory for disc drives manufacturing 1971 – 7, 5 MB disc drives 14” (removable disk pack) 1973 – 29 MB disc drives 14” (removable disk pack) 1974 – 56 MB disc drives 14” (removable disk pack) 1977 – 100 MB disc drives 14” (removable disk pack) 1977 – 200 MB disc drives 14” (removable disk pack) 1982 – 317 MB disc drives 14” (Winchester) 1983 – 10 MB disc drives 5. 25” (Winchester) 1985 – 635 MB disc drives 14” (Winchester) 1985 – 20 MB disc drives 5. 25” (Winchester) 1989 – Summit in the production volume – 1, 62 billion USD 1990 – Disintegration of Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) and the end of East European Computer market 1993 – 250, 360, 540 MB family of 3. 5” HDD 1994 – End of Disk Drive manufacturing

Hard Disk Drive Factory at Stara Zagora Start of disk drive production – 1971, initial investments ca. 35 mill's USD Clean room areas: Class 100 - 2, 197 m 2; Class 10 000 - 1, 061 m 2; Class 100 000 - 40, 578 m 2

Hard Disk Drive Factory at Stara Zagora – some photos 7. 25 MB Disk Drive Unit US 5052 with removable disk pack US 5053 (1971)

Tape Drives Production 1972 – reel tape unit, 64 KB/s, 32 bits/mm 1977 – reel tape unit, 126 KB/s, 63 bits/mm 1985 – reel tape unit, 492 KB/s, 246 bits/mm 1986 – reel tape unit, 738 KB/s, 246 bits/mm 1987 – stream tape unit, 160 KB/s, 63 bits/mm 1988 – 20 MB cartridge tape unit, 90 KB/s, 394 bits/mm 1989 – 60 MB cartridge tape unit, 55 KB/s, 315 bits/mm

Tape Drives Production– some photos Reel Tape Drive Unit US 5012 (1972) Data transfer speed – 64 Kbytes/s Tape Speed – 2 m/s Weight – 450 kg

Съвет на главните конструктори Главен конструктор Унгария Главен конструктор България Съвет на специалистите ЦП Работна група Главен конструктор Полша Съвет на специалистите ПУ … Работна група Генерален конструктор Главен конструктор Германия Съвет на специалистите ВЗУ Главен конструктор Чехословакия Съвет на специалистите ПО . . . Главен конструктор СССР Съвет на специалистите ТД

Facts about Bulgarian computer production in 1989 Bulgaria was No. 1 amongst the countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) Bulgarian computer export was more than the total computer export of all the rest CMEA countries There was no other country in CMEA producing Hard Disk Drive memories 4675 researchers were involved in computer R&D activities in 1988 Total Bulgaria export of computers for the 1983 -89 period was 18, 8 bil. rubles The annual computer export from that period has paid the annual import of 6 mil. tones oil, 1 mil. tones of steel, etc.

Facts about Bulgarian computer production in 1989 (cont. ) Year 1980 1985 1988 1990 Total amount of enterprises 144 165 204 206 Total personal involved (thousands) 126 148 169 181 Percent of total Bulgarian labor force 9. 3% 10. 6% 11. 7% 13. 1% Assets (mil. USD) 1154 1935 3162 3949 Total production (mil. USD) 3861 4951 7387 5436 Percent from Bulgarian total Industrial production 9. 3% 11% 14. 5% 12%

Facts about Bulgarian computer production in 1989 (cont. ) CMEA Countries Cuba Poland Romania USSR Czechoslo vakia 472 14. 6 404 36 153 197 7. 7% 14. 9% 0. 46% 12. 7% 1. 13% 4. 81% 6. 21% 36 28. 6 223 28 80. 7 67. 7 2390 321 100% 1. 14% 0. 9% 7. 02% 0. 88% 2. 54% 2. 13% 75. 3% 10. 1% Total turnover (mil. rubles) 6348 1689 273. 6 695 42. 6 484. 7 103. 7 2543 518 % 100% 26. 6% 4. 3% 10. 1% 0. 67% 7. 63% 1. 63% 40% 8. 17% Total Bulgaria Hungary DDR Export (mil. rubles) 3174 1653 245 % 100% 52% Import (mil. rubles) 3174 %

Export 1989 1990 06. 1991 Calculators 32806 32346 200 Mainframes 93 80 - Controllers (tape, disk) 1 028 100 - Disk Drives (Main frame) 44 612 85 854 10 103 Disk Drives (mini) 125 138 112 220 5 831 Terminals and Com. Process. 57 586 5 000 -

Bulgaria, ICT market value (2003 -2007) Bulgaria, ICT market value, € million (source EITO 2006) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 124 148 201 200 224 13 14 15 16 16 End-user communications equipment 137 238 277 269 311 Datacom and network equipment 196 211 224 238 253 Total ICT equipment 470 610 716 724 804 Software products 35 40 45 51 57 IT services 42 51 59 63 69 829 1, 056 1, 225 1, 396 1, 375 1, 757 2, 046 2, 164 2, 327 251 298 373 389 431 1, 124 1, 458 1, 674 1, 775 1, 896 Computer hardware Office equipment Carrier services Total ICT Total IT Total telecommunications

John Vincent Atanasoff (circa 1983)

Personal Data Born on 4 October 1903 in Hamilton, N. Y. His father Ivan Atanasov was a Bulgarian immigrant since 1889, electrical engineer. His mother was Iva Lucena Purdy, a mathematics schoolteacher. In 1926, John Vincent and Lura Meeks were married. Dr. John Vincent Atanasoff died 15 June 1995 of a stroke at his home in Monrovia, Md. He was 91 years old.

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