Building the Classical World: Hebrews, Persians and Greeks, 1100 -336 B. C. E. The West CHAPTER 3
Settlement in Canaan • Ca. 1100 Hapiru (Hebrews) arrived in Canaan from Egypt, with a monotheistic religion • Confederation of Hebrew tribes evolved in Canaan • Ca. 1020 Saul chosen as first Hebrew king
The Israelite Kingdoms • David (ca. 1000 -962 B. C. E. ) developed centralized government from Jerusalem • Solomon (ca. 962 -922) built the first temple of Jerusalem and developed international commercial and diplomatic links • Ca. 922 B. C. E. division of Hebrew kingdom into Israel and Judah
The Hebrew Prophets • Critique of moral and religious decay • Elijah (ninth century B. C. E. ) taught that kings and rulers were not above the law • Amos and Isaiah (eighth century B. C. E. ) attacked social and religious hypocrisy • Jeremiah (ca. 627 B. C. E. ) challenged Jerusalem’s priesthood
Destruction of the Israelite Kingdoms • 733 B. C. E. Assyrians conquer Israel • 597 B. C. E. Babylonians sack Jerusalem and burn the Temple of Solomon • 20, 000 Hebrews deported to Babylon • Babylonian astronomy influenced Hebrew calendar
Second Temple Judaism • 515 B. C. E. Second Temple of Jerusalem built • Ezra (ca. 458 B. C. E. ) instituted reformed temple worship • Compilation of the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament): established a moral vision of human existence
Cyrus the Great and Persian Expansion • Cyrus the Great (550 -530 B. C. E. ) founded the largest empire in the known world, stretching from India to the Mediterranean • Government based on tolerance of all religious and ethnic groups • Zoroastrianism: official religion of Persian empire included concepts of a final judgment, and of heaven and hell
The Achaemenid Dynasty • Founded by Darius in 522 B. C. E. • Reorganized administration into a provincial system of satrapies • Military failures of Darius and Xerxes, against the Greeks, demonstrated the limits of Persian imperial expansion
The Dark Age (ca. 1100 -750 B. C. E. • • Urban life disappeared Collapse of maritime trade Decline in agriculture and population Interaction of Ionian Greeks with Phoenicians, from ca. 800 B. C. E. , marked the end of Greek isolation
The Archaic Age (ca. 750 -479 B. C. E. ) • New literary works and themes: Iliad and Odyssey • New social and political forms: the polis (city-state), tyranny, democracy • Colonization of coastal regions in Italy, France, Spain and North Africa spread Greek culture and language throughout the Mediterranean
Sparta: A Military Society • Political power held by male warriors - “the Equals” • Control of helots through terror • Valued courage, blind obedience, personal simplicity and contempt for fear and pain • Military bonds outweighed family
Athens: Towards Democracy • First democracy of the ancient world • Solon (ca. 650 -570 B. C. E. ) limited power of aristocracy, opened political participation to all male citizens and abolished debt-slavery • Cleisthenes, in 508 B. C. E. , founded the council of 500
The Persian Wars • Marathon, 490 B. C. E. - Athenians and allies defeat superior Persian army • Thermopylae, 480 B. C. E. - Spartans and allies delay Persian invasion force • Salamis, 480 B. C. E. - Athenian navy routs Persian navy in one day • Plataea, 479 B. C. E. - final Persian attempt to invade Greece ends in defeat
The Rise and Fall of the Athenian Empire • Athens transformed the Delian League into an empire • Pericles (461 -429 B. C. E. ) chief architect of the Athenian empire • 431 -404 B. C. E. - Peloponnesian War fought between Athens and Sparta • Athenian democracy survived the collapse of the Athenian empire
Society and Religion in Classical Greece • Strict gender hierarchy in favor of males • Idealization of male homosexual relations • Economic prosperity and cultural legacy founded upon slavery • Polytheistic religion
Intellectual Life • Use of dramatic performances to examine social values • Pioneered scientific thought, by seeking to explain natural phenomena without reference to divinity • Foundation of causal, historical writing • Development of philosophical thought • Foundation of artistic ideas of beauty, symmetry and proportion
Classical Foundations of the West • Religious and ethical teachings of Hebrews • Administrative efficiency of Persian empire • Political, philosophical and artistic ideas of Greek culture
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