Building materials: Ceramics.
The value of building material industry in our country is enormous – from the level of production they are wholly dependent on the pace and quality of construction works. The pillars of the building materials industry technical progress are: creating new and improving existing processes to ensure that products with minimal energy, material and labor resources; new types of building materials and products with desired properties that meet the highest demands of construction; widespread implementation of low-waste and non-waste technologies, the use of secondary products.
Critical properties of construction materials determine their area of application. Only a deep and thorough knowledge of the properties of materials allow rational and technically and economically to choose material for specific conditions of use. The use of building materials is not limited to using them only for the purposes of construction. Without them, there can be no one area of technology.
What is called ceramic products? Ceramic called stone products derived from minerals by his molding and firing at high temperatures. The term "ceramic" is derived (by p. p. Budnikovu) from the word «kerameya» , which in ancient Greece called the art of manufacturing clay product. And now in ceramic technologies use mainly clay, but along with them to apply other kinds of mineral raw materials, such as pure oxides (oxide technical ceramics). Ceramic materials are the most ancient of all artificial stone materials. Shards of grave goods found at potting settlements dating back to the stone age. Age of ceramic bricks as building material for more than 5000 years. Great strength, great durability, many types of decorative ceramics, as well as the incidence of natural raw materials led to the widespread use of ceramic materials and products in construction. The durability of ceramic materials can be seen on the example
In modern construction ceramics used in almost all constructive elements of the buildings facing materials are used in modular housing construction. A wealth of aesthetic features of ceramic made her prominent in the decoration of facades and interiors. Ceramic porous fillers is the basis of easy concrete. Sanitary ware, and talk is tableware of porcelain and faience is widely used in everyday life. Special ceramics needed for the chemical and metallurgical industries (acid-resistant and refractory products), electrical and electronics (Electrical insulators, semiconductors, etc. ) it is used in space technology. Ceramic building materials, depending on their structure, divided into two main groups: porous and dense. Porous absorb more 5% water (by mass), in the average of water absorption is 8 -20% by mass, or 14 – 36% by volume. Porous structure are Walling, roofing and cladding materials, as well as
Raw materials Raw materials for the production of pottery are kaolin and clay used in its pure form, but more commonly is mixed with additives. Under the clays understand natural water aluminosilicates with different admixtures that kneading with water to form a plastic dough that after firing irreversibly transforms into stone condition. Kaolins consist almost entirely of the mineral Al 2 O 3 2 Si. O 2 2 H 2 O and contain significant amounts of particles less than 0. 01 mm; After firing remain white. The clay Bole varied by mineral composition, they are polluted with mineral and organic impurities. Clay substance (with particles less than 0. 005 mm) consists mainly of kaolinite and related minerals. Content of the particles determines the plasticity and other properties of the clay.
Ceramic products for outdoor buildings and inner lining. Facade ceramics used for lining of facade surfaces of wall panels, blocks, loggias, for furnish of facades of buildings, architectural elements, cornices and belts to create a decorative Panel. For finishing prefabricated in factories used by kovrovo-mosaic tiles in the sizes 48 x 48 and 22 x 22 mm thick 2 -4 mm tiles like "hogtied 120 h 65 h 7 size. By kovrovo-mosaic tiles let out with a naturally coloured walls and glazed. Icing can be deaf and transparent, white and colored, shiny and matte. Hogtied-type tiles Produce not glazed and glazed. They are used for trim panels (stamps, paper, carpets), as well as for facing brick walls. Carpets like "breccia" used for facing of facades and insertions. Battle of tiles in a carpet should not be more than 60% of its area. For facing of ready brick and concrete walls using large nets and skirting tiles. Crewe
Plug glazed tiles are the products of piece, they are used for cladding buildings and subways. These tiles are sintered crock, their absorption of water is not more than 5%. The brick and ceramic stones used for masonry cladding and simultaneous internal and external walls of buildings, constructed of piece goods (brick, stone). Produce bricks and stones with a smooth and embossed or outer surface. Not allowed cracks and spalling on the front face. For production use, not only clay, but also diatomite. Facing bricks and stones of red-burning clay is manufactured using the same technology as conventional bricks and stones wall, observing the strict requirements for the uniformity of raw material, color evenness calcined product and its correct form. Facing bricks and stones are made of light-colored light burning refractory clay with the addition of about 45% of the same clay. Choosing the composition of the ceramic material and adjusting the firing, you can get a brick of white, cream and brown. Double-layer molded bricks from local red clay, and only the front part of (3 - 5 mm) of white unpainted or painted clay. Glazed brick tile or engobe To get a brick with a brilliant color on the surface of burned clay glaze is applied (the special low-melting composition, based on - ground to a powder, glass), and then spend the secondary firing, even at a lower temperature. After that formed vitreous waterproof layer with good adhesion to the bulk and, consequently, increased resistance to frost. Glazed brick allows you to spread mosaics both inside and on the side of the street.
Ceramic products special destination Ceramic tile - one of the oldest, durable and fire-resistant roofing materials. Release tape tile grooves, slots stamped, ribbon, tape wavy, s-shaped ridge belt and grooved. Fired tiles at 950 - 1000 C. It must withstand at least 25 cycles of freezing and thawing in watersaturated state.
Drainage and sewer pipes Drainage pipes are made of brick, plastic clays. Small diameter pipe is formed in a horizontal belt press, but more in - vertical presses. After drying, the tube is fired at 950 - 1000 C. The industry produces smooth unglazed pipe without bells or glazed with socket and perforation on the walls. Apply pipe in drainage works, as well as drainage of subgrade under buildings and structures. Sewer pipes are made of plastic refractory or refractory clays. Molded into riser presses, fired at 1250 - 1300 C and sintering. Of the pipe inside and cover acid coating. Sewer pipes shall withstand the hydrostatic pressure of at least 0. 2 MPa. Length of sewer pipes 800 - 1200 mm, inner diameter of 150 - 600 mm. These tubes have one end bell.
Sanitary ware Bathtubs, sinks and other sanitary ware units of residential and industrial buildings are made of pottery and porcelain. The raw material for the production of these three types of ceramic materials with different porosity are the whiteburning clay, kaolin, quartz and feldspar, taken in different ratios. The porcelain is manufactured mainly by casting toilet bowls, sinks, flush tanks, and more.
Road Brick, Refractory products Road (clinker) brick produced from refractory clay, burning them to the sintering. Brick road has size 220 x 110 x 65 and 220 x 110 x 70 mm, grade 400, 600, and 1000, the absorption of water 2 - 6%, frost 50 - 100 cycles of freezing and thawing. This brick can be used for paving roads and sidewalks, floor production facilities, laying sewers. Called refractory products used for construction of industrial furnaces and equipment operating at high temperatures. Refractory products are classified according to fire resistance, porosity, chemical and mineral composition and method of manufacture. Fire-proof products are refractory (1580 - 1770 C), highly refractory (1700 - 2000 C), the higher fire resistance (more than 2000). Depending on the porosity (%) refractory products are divided into: very dense - porosity of less than 3, high density - porosity of 3 - 10, heavy porosity of 10 - 20, the usual - porosity of 20 - 30, light-weight and efficient heat - porosity of 45 - 85. The most widely siliceous and aluminosilicate refractory products.
