BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II ECM 3154 WEEK 3 WALL

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II ECM 3154 WEEK 3 WALL – PART 1 Power. Point® Slides by Zamzarina Bt Md. Judyar Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 1

CHAPTER OVERVIEW • Last Updated: This chapter brings the student through the introduction to wall, requirements, classification, material used of wall and explanation focus on Load Bearing Walls. © LMS SEGi education group 2

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Last Updated: Highlights on: • The functional requirement of walls • The classification of walls • The materials used of walls • The construction process for load bearing walls that are suitable for common buildings of not more than two storeys in height. • To familiarise students with the drawing plan of load bearing walls. © LMS SEGi education group 3

LEARNING OUTCOMES Students must be able: • To understand explain load bearing wall that suitable for not more than two storey common buildings. • To know how to read any drawing plan of load bearing walls Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 4

WALLS Introduction • Various external and internal walls suitable for not more than two storey common buildings • Load bearing brick wall and block wall work to domestic dwellings • Non-load bearing walls and partitions • Damp-proof courses Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 5

FUNCTION • • Last Updated: To provide protection from weather, animal To divide the areas Act as sound barriers As fire walls to attenuate the spread of fire from one building unit to another Separate the interior spaces To improve the building appearance To provide privacy © LMS SEGi education group 6

WALL • • • Last Updated: A continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height. External wall – provide shelter Internal wall – divide buildings into rooms or compartments © LMS SEGi education group 7

WALL globalspec. com Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 8

MATERIAL FOR WALL CONSTRUCTION • • • Last Updated: Timber, brick, concrete block, reinforced concrete can be used for wall construction. Durability, aesthetic and be able to provide comfortable area Timber Wall (Cengal) - suitable for hot and cold climate area Meranti can be used for all types of construction in the building. Precast concrete panel © LMS SEGi education group 9

WALL CLASIFICATION There are 2 types of wall that is: a) Load Bearing Wall Able to carry the load from above (own weight & load from roof) and transfer it to the foundation. b) Non Load Bearing Wall Only carry their own weight Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 10

Advanced Framing 2 x 6 frame at 24 inch centers with single top plates, two stud corners, no jack studs, no cripples and single headers in load bearing walls and no headers in non-load bearing walls buildingscience. com Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 11

LOAD BEARING WALL • • • Last Updated: Exterior walls that carry ceiling, roof or upper floor loads to the foundation are load bearing or "bearing" walls. Internal walls that support joists at mid span and transfer loads down to foundations are also bearing walls. As the height of the building increased thickness of wall increased the stress on foundation will also increase and cause it to be uneconomical. © LMS SEGi education group 12

FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS • • Last Updated: Strength and stability Resistance to weather and ground moisture Durability and freedom from maintenance Fire safety Resistance to the passage of heat Resistance to airborne and impact sound Security © LMS SEGi education group 13

BRICKWORK • • • Last Updated: Brick is as old as civilization itself, dating back to ancient Mesopotamia around 500 BC. In 210 BC, the Great Wall of China was constructed of brick — nearly four million of them. And the Romans used kiln-burned brick in conjunction with an efficient mortar of lime and volcanic ash to construct buildings that were both beautiful and enduring. © LMS SEGi education group 14

Chudley, Roy, Greeno, Roger (2007), Construction. Technology, 4 th Edition, Pearson, pg. 123 Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 15

BRICK • • • Last Updated: A walling unit with coordinating or format size of 225 x 112. 5 x 75 mm (BS 3921) Actual dimensions 215 x 102. 5 x 65 mm Minimum compressive strength is 5 N/mm 2 over gross sectional area (Building Regulations) © LMS SEGi education group 16

CLAY BRICK Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 17

Chudley, Roy, Greeno, Roger (2007), Construction. Technology, 4 th Edition, Pearson, pg. 137 Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 18

BRICK Wirecut facing bricks Fletton bricks Last Updated: Handmade bricks Stock bricks Engineering bricks Re-pressed bricks © LMS SEGi education group 19

ENGINEERING BRICKS An engineering brick is a ‘brick sized fired clay units having a dense and strong semi vitreous body, conforming to defined limits for water absorption and compressive strength. ’ ruttledge. se Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 20

FACING BRICKS 123 rf. com domusweb. org Various design of facing bricks. Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 21

BRICK CLASSIFICATION • • • Last Updated: Common • Suitable for general building work Facing • Specially made or selected to have an attractive appearance Engineering • Having a dense and strong semi-vitreous body conforming to define limits for absorption and strength © LMS SEGi education group 22

MORTARS FOR BRICKWORK Transfer the tensile, compressive and shear stresses uniformly between adjacent bricks • A mortar joint forms both a sealant and a bearing pad, sticking the bricks together while keeping them apart An ideal mortar will: • Adhere completely and permanently to the brick • Have a high plasticity and workability, remaining workable long enough to set out the brickwork to line and level • Stiffen sufficiently quickly for the laying of bricks to proceed smoothly, with rapid development of strength and adequate strength when hardened • Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 23

MORTARS FOR BRICKWORK Be resistant to the action of frost and sulphate attack • Resist the penetration of rain • Accommodate early settlement of the structure • Be of good uniform appearance and colour Types of mortar: • Cement – sand mortar • Lime – sand mortar packagepavement. com • Cement – lime - sand mortar • Cement – sand mortar with plasticizer (aerated mortar) • Cement – lime – sand + air entraining agent • Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 24

ROLE OF LIME IN MORTAR • Workability of mortar • Water rentivity of mortar • Watertightness of masonry wall • Strength of mortar and, hence, the strength of masonry wall, particularly the wall’s flexural tensile bond strength Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 25

MORTARS FOR BRICKWORK Factors influencing a mortar’s performance: • The cement: sand ratio • The water: binder ratio • The amount of lime in a cement: lime: sand mortar • The type of sand employed • The ability of the mortar to retain water against the suction of the brick (i. e. its water retentiveness) • The air content of the mortar • The suction rate of the bricks • The textural quality of the bed surfaces of the bricks • The pressure in forming the joints Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 26

MATERIALS FOR MORTAR • • • Last Updated: Cement • Portland cement (ordinary and rapid hardening) • Sulphate-resisting Portland cement • Masonry cement Non-hydraulic, hydrated lime Sand Plasticizers (air entraining agent) Water © LMS SEGi education group 27

PLASTICIZERS • • Last Updated: Air entraining agents Reduce the bond of the brick to mortar More permeable than lime Should be used strictly with the written permission of the building designer © LMS SEGi education group 28

MASONRY CEMENT hedbergaggregates. com Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 29

CEMENT MORTAR (CEMENT: SAND) • • • Last Updated: harsh and difficult to work 1: 3 too strong for most purpose Suitable for brickwork • in exposed conditions e. g. parapets • subjected to high stress such as foundations • below dpc’s where a dense impervious mortar is necessary The mortar mix should not be richer than is necessary to give adequate strength in the brickwork and good frost resistance A very strong cement mortar can be detrimental in its effect on shrinkage, cracking and the accommodation of movement © LMS SEGi education group 30

LIME MORTAR (LIME: SAND) • • Last Updated: for internal use only slow set © LMS SEGi education group 31

Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 32

superior-truss. com steelsmartsystem. com Load Bearing Panel Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group

diychatroom. com Able To Carry Other Structure Weight Beside Its Own Weight Last Updated:

renovateyourworld. com Removing a section of a load bearing wall to create a pass-through, required us to add a new beam and columns (to support the floor above) Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 35

Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall) Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 36

• Last Updated: Pre Panelized Load Bearing Metal Stud Walls © LMS SEGi

• Last Updated: Stone Wall (Load Bearing Wall) © LMS SEGi education group

theconstructor. org • Last Updated: Precast Concrete Wall (Load Bearing Wall) © LMS SEGi

theconstructor. org Masonry Wall Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 40

theconstructor. org • Last Updated: Retaining Wall (Load Bearing Wall) © LMS SEGi education

QUIZZES 1. 2. Last Updated: List any Three (3 a. ………………… b. ………………… c. ………………… Compare one way slab and two way slab. © LMS SEGi education group 42

KEY TERMS a. Stiffer Definition to become suddenly tense or unyielding b. The rib Definition The ribs are forming elements of the building structure. Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 43

REFERENCES • • Last Updated: Chudley, Roy, Greeno, Roger (2007), Construction. Technology, 4 th Edition, Pearson Jack Stroud Foster (2007), Structure and Fabric Part 1, 7 th Edition, Pearson/ Prentice Hall Barry, R. (1998), The Construction of Building Vol 1, 7 th Edition, Blackwell Science Ivor H. Seeley (1995), Building Technology, 5 th Edition, Palgrave Macmillan. © LMS SEGi education group 44

References • buildingscience. com retrieved 3 rd August 2011 ruttledge. se retrieved 3 rd August 2011 • 123 rf. com retrieved 4 th August 2011 • domusweb. org retrieved 3 rd August 2011 • hedbergaggregates. com retrieved 3 rd August 2011 • superior-truss. com retrieved 3 rd August 2011 • steelsmartsystem. com retrieved 3 rd August 2011 • diychatroom. com retrieved 3 rd August 2011 • Last Updated: © LMS SEGi education group 45