BUILDING A NEW NATION THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

BUILDING A NEW NATION THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1777 • SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS ADOPTS THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • VERMONT ABOLISHES SLAVERY • 1780 • STATES BEGIN CEDING WESTERN LAND TO UNION • OTHER NORTHERN STATES EMANCIPATE SLAVES

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1781 • THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, WHICH JOHN DICKINSON HELPED WRITE FIVE YEARS EARLIER, GO INTO EFFECT • JOSEPH II ALLOWS RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN AUSTRIA • 1782 • RAMA I FOUNDS A NEW DYNASTY IN SIAM WITH BANGKOK AS THE CAPITAL

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1783 • THE TREATY OF PARIS AT THE END OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR RECOGNIZES UNITED STATES INDEPENDENCE • RUSSIA ANNEXES THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA • LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN’S FIRST WORKS ARE PUBLISHED

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1784 • RUSSIANS FOUND COLONY IN ALASKA • SPAIN CLOSES THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER TO AMERICAN COMMERCE • 1785 • LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 IS ADOPTED • THE TREATY OF HOPEWELL CONCERNING NATIVE AMERICANS LANDS IS SIGNED

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1785 • NEW YORK STATE OUTLAWS SLAVERY • JEAN-PIERRE BLANCHARD AND JOHN JEFFRIES CROSS THE ENGLISH CHANNEL IN A BALLOON

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1786 • DANIEL SHAYS LEADS A REBELLION OF FARMERS IN MASSACHUSETTS • THE ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION IS HELD • THE VIRGINIA LEGISLATURE GUARANTEES RELIGIOUS FREEDOM • CHARLES CORNWALLIS BECOMES GOVERNORGENERAL OF INDIA

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1787 • • • THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE IS PASSED CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION MEETS IN PHILADELPHIA FIRST FEDERALIST PAPER WRITTEN DELAWARE FIRST STATE TO RATIFY NEW CONSTITUTION SIERRA LEONE IN AFRICA BECOMES A HAVEN FOR FREED AMERICAN SLAVES • WAR BREAKS OUT BETWEEN TURKEY AND RUSSIA

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1788 • NEW HAMPSHIRE IS THE NINTH STATE TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION ON JUNE 21 ST • THE CONSTITUTION, WHICH JAMES MADISON HELPED WRITE AT THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE HOUSE, IS RATIFIED • AUSTRIA DECLARES WAR ON TURKEY • BREAD RIOTS ERUPT IN FRANCE

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1789 • • • FIRST PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION FIRST CONGRESS MEETS GEORGE WASHINGTON INAUGURATED, APRIL 30 TH BILL OF RIGHTS PASSED BY CONGRESS JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 PASSED • 1790 • FUNDING AND ASSUMPTION PASSED

TIMELINE OF EVENTS • 1791 • FIRST BANK OF THE UNITED STATES CREATED • RATIFICATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS COMPLETED ON DECEMBER 15 TH • 1792 • WASHINGTON REELECTED UNANIMOUSLY

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • BASIC IDEAS • TWO LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT WILL SHARE FUNDAMENTAL POWERS • STATE GOVERNMENTS HAD SOME SUPREME POWERS WHILE THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD OTHERS

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • POWERS GIVEN TO CONGRESS • • • DECLARE WAR MAKE PEACE SIGN TREATIES BORROW MONEY SET STANDARDS FOR COINS & FOR WEIGHTS & MEASURES • ESTABLISH A POSTAL SERVICE • DEAL WITH NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLES

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • WEAKNESSES • EACH STATE HAD ONLY ONE VOTE IN CONGRESS, REGARDLESS OF SIZE • CONGRESS COULD NOT ENACT OR COLLECT TAXES • CONGRESS COULD NOT REGULATE INTERSTATE OR FOREIGN TRADE • NO EXECUTIVE BRANCH TO ENFORCE THE LAWS OF CONGRESS

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • WEAKNESSES • NO NATIONAL COURT SYSTEM TO SETTLE LEGAL DISPUTES • ARTICLES COULD BE AMENDED ONLY IF ALL STATES APPROVED (UNANIMOUS) • 2/3 MAJORITY NEEDED TO PASS ANY LAW (9 OUT OF 13 STATES) • THE 13 SEPARATE STATES LACKED NATIONAL UNITY

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • BY 1779, 12 STATES HAD AGREED TO ACCEPT THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • MARYLAND REFUSED UNTIL VIRGINIA & NEW YORK AGREED TO CEDE THE LAND • 1781 – MARCH 1 ST – MARYLAND FINALLY ACCEPTS THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND THEY GO INTO EFFECT

THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • ACHIEVEMENTS • BROUGHT THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION TO A SUCCESSFUL CONCLUSION • FOSTERED NATIONALISM • KEPT THE STATES UNITED • NEGOTIATED AND SIGNED THE TREATY OF PARIS (1783) • PASSED THE LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 AND THE NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787

LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 • ESTABLISHED A PLAN FOR SURVEYING THE LAND • DIVIDED THE LAND INTO TOWNSHIPS OF 36 SQUARE MILES • EACH SECTION IS 640 ACRES • AN INDIVIDUAL COULD BUY A SECTION AND SELL OFF ACREAGE • TYPICAL FARM IS 160 ACRES (4 FARMS PER SECTION) • MINIMUM PRICE - $1. 00 PER ACRE

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 • WAS THE PROCEDURE FOR DIVIDING THE LAND INTO TERRITORIES • SET REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ADMISSION OF NEW STATES • OVERLOOKED THE LAND CLAIMS OF THE NATIVE AMERICANS

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 • REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION OF NEW STATES • CONGRESS WOULD APPOINT A TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR AND JUDGES • A TERRITORY WITH 5000 VOTING RESIDENTS (WHITE MALE LANDOWNERS) COULD WRITE A TEMPORARY CONSTITUTION AND ELECT THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT • WHEN THE POPULATION REACHED 60, 000 FREE INHABITANTS, THE SETTLERS COULD WRITE A STATE CONSTITUTION, HAVE IT APPROVED BY CONGRESS AND THEN BE GRANTED STATEHOOD

NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 • PROVISIONS • BARS SLAVERY FROM THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY • ABOLISHES PRIMOGENITURE • GUARANTEES FREEDOM OF RELIGION • CAREFULLY DEFINES THE INDIVIDUALS RIGHTS IN COURT • ESTABLISHES THE RULES FOR CREATING STATES

PROBLEMS UNDER THE ARTICLES • SHAYS’ REBELLION • UPRISING IN MASSACHUSETTS (1786 – 1787) • CAUSED BY EXCESSIVE LAND TAXATION, HIGH LEGAL COSTS, AND AN ECONOMIC DEPRESSION FOLLOWING THE REVOLUTION • POOR FARMERS WERE THREATENED WITH LOSS OF THEIR PROPERTY OR IMPRISONMENT FOR THEIR DEBT

PROBLEMS UNDER THE ARTICLES • SHAYS’ REBELLION • ALL OVER THE STATE IN 1786, SMALLER UPRISINGS WERE STOPPING COURTS FROM HOLDING SESSION • DANIEL SHAYS LED AN ARMY OF 1, 000 FARMERS TO SEIZE THE ARSENAL IN SPRINGFIELD, MA • WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION, THE MASSACHUSETTS MILITIA STOPPED SHAYS AND HIS MEN BEFORE THEY COULD SEIZE THE ARSENAL

ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION • IN 1786, JAMES MADISON, ALEXANDER HAMILTON AND OTHERS CALLED FOR A CONVENTION TO REVISE THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • THE ASSEMBLY MET IN ANNAPOLIS, MD FROM SEPTEMBER 11 - 16 • FIVE STATES SENT DELEGATES TO THE ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION WHERE THEY DECIDED TO SET A CONVENTION FOR THE FOLLOWING YEAR IN PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.

ANNAPOLIS CONVENTION

ENDING THE CONFEDERATION • AFTER SHAYS’ REBELLION, 12 STATES, EXCEPT RHODE ISLAND, SENT DELEGATES TO A CONVENTION IN PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA. • SO IN THE SAME ROOM THAT THE DELEGATES OF THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS CREATED AND SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, A CONVENTION WAS HELD AND A GROUP OF MEN LED BY GEORGE WASHINGTON BROUGHT FORTH A NEW GOVERNMENT AFTER DECIDING TO DO AWAY WITH THE INEFFECTIVE AND WEAK ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.

CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT • IN MAY OF 1787, 55 MEN MET IN PHILADELPHIA, PA IN A CLOSED ROOM TO REVISE THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. • WHAT THEY CHOSE TO DO INSTEAD WAS CREATE A BRAND NEW FORM OF GOVERNMENT, ONE THAT WE STILL USE TODAY. • GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS ELECTED CHAIRMAN OF THE CONVENTION

DEALING WITH THE ISSUES • IN THE PROCESS OF CREATING A NEW GOVERNMENT, THE DELEGATES NEEDED TO SOLVE THE ISSUE AT HAND • BALANCE OF POWER • CONGRESSIONAL VOTE • SLAVES • RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE

REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS • LARGE V. SMALL STATES • TWO PLANS WERE DEVELOPED • VIRGINIA PLAN • NEW JERSEY PLAN • COMPROMISE WAS NEEDED • CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE ALSO KNOWN AS THE GREAT COMPROMISE

VIRGINIA PLAN • WRITTEN BY JAMES MADISON • PROPOSED A BICAMERAL (TWO HOUSE) LEGISLATURE WITH MEMBERSHIP BASED ON EACH STATE’S POPULATION • LOWER HOUSE WOULD BE ELECTED BY THE PEOPLE, THE UPPER HOUSE BY THE LOWER HOUSE • HAD THREE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT THAT SHARED POWERS (EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND JUDICIAL)

NEW JERSEY PLAN • WRITTEN BY WILLIAM PATERSON • PROPOSED A UNICAMERAL (ONE HOUSE) LEGISLATURE WITH EACH STATE BEING GIVEN ONE VOTE IN CONGRESS REGARDLESS OF SIZE • HAD THREE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT THAT SHARED POWERS (EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND JUDICIAL

THE GREAT COMPROMISE • ALSO KNOWN AS THE CONNECTICUT COMPROMISE • WRITTEN BY ROGER SHERMAN • PROPOSED A BICAMERAL (TWO HOUSE) LEGISLATURE • THE UPPER HOUSE (SENATE) WOULD HAVE EQUAL REPRESENTATION – 2 VOTES PER STATE WHO WERE ELECTED BY THE STATE LEGISLATURES. • THE LOWER HOUSE (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) WOULD HAVE REPRESENTATION BASED ON POPULATION OF THE STATE ELECTED BY THE VOTERS. • HAD THREE LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT THAT SHARED POWERS (EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE, AND JUDICIAL)

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE • NORTHERN V. SOUTHERN STATES • NORTHERN STATES DID NOT WANT SLAVES COUNTED WHEN FIGURING REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES • NORTHERN STATES WANTED SLAVES COUNTED WHEN LEVYING TAXES • SOUTHERN STATES WANTED SLAVES COUNTED WHEN FIGURING REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES • SOUTHERN STATES DID NOT WANT SLAVES COUNTED WHEN LEVYING TAXES

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE • THE COMPROMISE • 3 OUT OF EVERY 5 SLAVES WOULD BE COUNTED FOR REPRESENTATION IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AS WELL AS FOR TAX PURPOSES • THIS SETTLED THE POLITICAL ISSUE BUT NOT THE ECONOMIC ISSUE OF SLAVERY

DIVISION OF POWERS • STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT V. STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS • STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • AUTHORITY DERIVES POWER FROM THE PEOPLE • THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE STRONGER THAN THE STATES • STRONG STATE GOVERNMENT • AUTHORITY DERIVES FROM THE STATES • THE STATES SHOULD REMAIN STRONGER THAN THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

DIVISION OF POWERS • FEDERALISM • A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT IN WHICH POWERS ARE DIVIDED BETWEEN THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT AND STATE GOVERNMENTS • DELEGATED (ENUMERATED) POWERS ARE POWERS GIVEN TO THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT BY THE CONSTITUTION • CONCURRENT POWERS ARE THOSE SHARED BY THE NATIONAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS • RESERVED POWERS ARE THOSE ONLY GIVEN TO THE STATES

DIVISION OF POWERS • DELEGATED POWERS • PRINT MONEY • REGULATE INTERSTATE (BETWEEN STATES) AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE • MAKE TREATIES AND CONDUCT FOREIGN POLICY • DECLARE WAR • PROVIDE AN ARMY AND NAVY • ESTABLISH POST OFFICES • MAKE LAWS NECESSARY AND PROPER TO CARRY OUT THESE POWERS • RESERVED POWERS • ISSUE LICENSES • REGULATE INTRASTATE (WITHIN THE STATE) BUSINESSES • CONDUCT ELECTIONS • ESTABLISH LOCAL GOVERNMENTS • RATIFY AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION • TAKE MEASURES FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY • MAY EXERT POWERS THE CONSTITUTION DOES NOT DELEGATE TO THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT OR PROHIBIT THE STATES FROM USING

SEPARATION OF POWERS • THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT • EXECUTIVE • HEADED BY THE PRESIDENT • ENFORCES THE LAWS • LEGISLATIVE • HEADED BY CONGRESS • MAKES THE LAWS • JUDICIAL • HEADED BY THE SUPREME COURT • INTERPRETS THE LAWS

CHECKS AND BALANCES • THIS SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED TO PREVENT ANY ONE BRANCH FROM DOMINATING THE OTHERS. • EACH BRANCH IS GIVEN POWERS SO THAT THEY MAY CHECK TO MAKE SURE THE OTHERS ARE NOT ABUSING THE POWERS GIVEN TO THEM.

ELECTORAL COLLEGE • EACH STATE IS GIVEN A CERTAIN NUMBER OF ELECTORS (BASED ON REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS) • VOTERS CHOOSE WHICH ELECTORS WILL BE SENT TO VOTE FOR THE CANDIDATE WHO WINS THE STATE • THE ELECTORS PLACE THEIR VOTES AND WHOEVER WINS BECOMES PRESIDENT

AMENDING THE CONSTITUTION • IN ORDER TO MAKE THE CONSTITUTION A SUCCESS, THE DELEGATES PROVIDED A WAY TO AMEND (ALTER) IT. • 2/3 OF BOTH HOUSES OF CONGRESS OR 2/3 OF THE STATES MAY CALL FOR A CONVENTION TO PROPOSE AMENDMENTS • ONCE AN AMENDMENT HAS BEEN AGREED UPON BY THE CONVENTION, ¾ OF THE STATES NEED TO RATIFY IT FOR IT TO BECOME LAW. • THE CONSTITUTION HAS BEEN AMENDED ONLY 27 TIMES.

RATIFICATION • RATIFICATION (OFFICIAL APPROVAL) – REQUIRED THAT 9 OUT OF 13 STATES APPROVE IT • TWO GROUPS EMERGED DURING THIS TIME • FEDERALISTS • ANTI-FEDERALISTS • OCCURRED ON JUNE 21, 1788 WHEN NEW HAMPSHIRE BECAME THE 9 TH STATE TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION • DELAWARE WAS THE FIRST TO RATIFY, VIRGINIA, THE 10 TH, AND RHODE ISLAND THE LAST IN 1790

FEDERALISTS • SUPPORTED THE CONSTITUTION AS IT WAS • FAVORED A STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT THAT SHARED SOME POWERS WITH THE STATES • BELIEVED A STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT WAS NECESSARY TO FACILITATE INTERSTATE COMMERCE AND TO MANAGE FOREIGN TRADE, NATIONAL DEFENSE, AND FOREIGN RELATIONS • BELIEVED THAT THE CONSTITUTION DID NOT NEED A BILL OF RIGHTS BECAUSE THE STATES HAD ALREADY PROVIDED FOR THEM IN THEIR CONSTITUTIONS

JOHN JAY ALEXANDER HAMIL JAMES MADISON

ANTI-FEDERALISTS • BELIEVED THAT A STRONG NATIONAL GOVERNMENT WOULD TAKE TOO MUCH POWER FROM THE STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS • BELIEVED A BILL OF RIGHTS WAS NECESSARY TO PROTECT PEOPLE’S RIGHTS

PATRICK HENRY DEWITT CLINTO SAMUEL ADAMS

VIRGINIA STATUTE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

VIRGINIA STATUTE FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM • 1786 • WRITTEN BY THOMAS JEFFERSON • ALLOWS FOR RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN VIRGINIA • DENIES AN ESTABLISHED CHURCH • BASIS FOR THE FIRST AMENDMENT

VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS

VIRGINIA DECLARATION OF RIGHTS • 1776 • WRITTEN BY GEORGE MASON • STATED THAT EVERY PERSON HAS BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS THAT THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT TAKE AWAY • FRENCH BASED THEIR DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND THE CITIZEN ON THIS DOCUMENT

BILL OF RIGHTS • IN ORDER FOR THE CONSTITUTION TO BE RATIFIED, THE PEOPLE DEMANDED A BILL OF RIGHTS • FIRST TEN AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION • WRITTEN LARGELY BY JAMES MADISON • 12 AMENDMENTS WERE SUBMITTED TO THE PEOPLE ONLY 10 PASSED

BILL OF RIGHTS • AMENDMENT 1 • FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, PRESS, ASSEMBLY AND PETITION • AMENDMENT 2 • THE RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS • AMENDMENT 3 • THE QUARTERING OF SOLDIERS • AMENDMENT 4 • SEARCH AND SEIZURE (PROBABLE CAUSE)

BILL OF RIGHTS • AMENDMENT 5 • RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED – TRIAL BY JURY, DOUBLE JEOPARDY, SELF-INCRIMINATION, DUE PROCESS OF LAW • AMENDMENT 6 • RIGHT TO A SPEEDY, PUBLIC TRIAL • AMENDMENT 7 • TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL CASES AND COMMON LAW • AMENDMENT 8 • LIMITS ON FINES AND PUNISHMENTS

BILL OF RIGHTS • AMENDMENT 9 • RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE • THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT INTERFERE WITH A PERSON’S CHOICES IN CERTAIN CASES • AMENDMENT 10 • POWERS OF THE STATES AND PEOPLE • POWERS NOT DELEGATED IN THE CONSTITUTION ARE RESERVED TO THE STATES AND THE PEOPLE

ADOPTION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS • SEPTEMBER 1789 • CONGRESS SUBMITTED 12 AMENDMENTS TO THE STATE LEGISLATURES FOR ADOPTION (RATIFICATION) • DECEMBER 1791 • ¾ OF THE STATES RATIFIED 10 OF THE 13 • 10 OF THE 13 ORIGINAL STATES HAD RATIFIED BY 1791 • THREE OF THE ORIGINAL STATES DID NOT RATIFY THE BILL OF RIGHTS UNTIL THE 20 TH CENTURY • MASSACHUSETTS – MARCH 2, 1939 • GEORGIA – MARCH 18, 1939 • CONNECTICUT – APRIL 19, 1939

INTERESTING FACTS • NATIVE AMERICANS AND SLAVES WERE EXCLUDED FROM THE BILL OF RIGHTS • WOMEN WERE NOT MENTIONED IN THE CONSTITUTION • LATER AMENDMENTS WOULD PROTECT THESE GROUPS • THE FLEXIBILITY OF THE U. S. CONSTITUTION MADE IT A MODEL FOR GOVERNMENTS AROUND THE WORLD.