Broadband Developments ISPLC 2005 PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 1
PLC Generic Model Backhaul network High Voltage Xmission Equipment pt to multi-pt CPE Phone(s) pt to pt Fibre Network PC Internet Medium Voltage Grid (“Last Mile”) Low Voltage (“Last 100 m”) In-Premise (“Last Inch”) * CPE - Customer Premise Equipment PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 2
Current Trends: Computing is ubiquitous and the world is networked PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 3
Everywhere, There’s Exploding Demand for Communications Bandwidth Global Internet Users Worldwide Access Lines 250 M 2 B 1 B Changing Traffic Patterns Internet Session 20 - 30 minutes 134 M 30 M 1994 1998 2001 Voice Call 3 minutes Average Hold Times It took about a century to install the world’s first 700 million phone lines More than 100 million additional Internet users will come on-line in 2001 Jen PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 4
Performance per Dollar Spent Technology Accelerators Doubling Time (months) 9 12 Optical Fiber (bits per second) 18 Silicon computer Chips (number of transistors) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 Data Storage (bits per square inch) 5
An Upward Bandwidth Spiral 1800 Costs Dropping Bandwidth Increasing Applications Growing Total % Increase 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2005 Network Traffic (US) jen PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 6
Broadband Access Market Internet Penetration (source: Net. Value) Broadband Percentages of Total Penetration PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 7
Commercial Status SENER ELFORSK, VATENFALL NUON PATTERN • US Activities MVV , PPC EDF UNION FENOSA ENEL PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 8
Worldwide PLC Activities Island: Lina. Net Reykjavik Energy Indianapolis, Boston Norwegen: Stadtwerke Bergen Schweden: Sydkraft, Birka. Energi Finnland – EVU-Verband China Provinz Sechuan UK/SSE Spanien Endessa Portugal Ed. P Italien Enel Brasilien: Copel Cemig Info. Paolo D – RWE, En. BW, MVV, oneline A - TIWAG, EVN, Stw. Salzburg, EVO CH - DIAX Korea Keyin Kuwait ITS Qatar Israel Mainnet, ITRAN, Malaysia el. Line Fibre. Com Multimedia-Ministerium Südafrika (Siemens) Argentinien (ascom) Chile (Endesa) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 9
Pictures ‘PLC around the World’ PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 10
Opportunities for Power Utilities as Communications Bandwidth Suppliers üThree broad domains of opportunity Ø Ø Ø As backbone bandwidth wholesalers As distribution network “last mile”suppliers As in-building network suppliers üMore than 100 Electric Utilities authorized as Telecom Carriers PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 11
Broadband Access Options 100 Cable Modem Wireless (steerable beam) ADSL DSL-Lite 0 1 V. 9 Bandwidth 10 Wireless (Time-Space Processing) VDSL Fixed Wireless (stationary beam) ISDN 0. 1 56 K 33. 6 28. 8 0. 01 1988 VF Modem 14. 4 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Deployment Year Jen PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 12
Broadband Local Distribution Technologies: Today’s Contender’s DSL Cable Modems Fixed Wireless (2. 4 GHz) Satellite Cost/mo. Avg. $60 $45 $145 $65 Installation Avg. $30 $250 $1250 $400 Est. Subscribers 2 M 3. 4 M 140 K 750 K 14 M 1. 5 M 2. 4 M Projected Subs. 2005 12 M PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 13
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 14
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 15
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 16
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 17
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 18
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth • Standard architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 19
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth • Standard architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 20
Standard Communication characteristics • Unique frequency specification • Characteristic impedance • Minimum noise • Constant bandwidth • Standard architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 21
Leaky cables @1 Mhz to 30 Mhz • At these frequencies not all the signal is transmitted down the cable-it leaks power • So some of the high frequency signal emanates as electromagnetic radiation • Hence power cables can be considered as linear antennas and • Low efficiency PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 22
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Coupling via the Mains Network LN 50Ω 50µH Source Victim Attenuation, d. B/30 m 30 20 10 Distribution network Mains only 0. 1 1 PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 10 Frequency MHz 24
Radiated emission Mains cable Conducted emission through mains Equip 1 plc 1 Conductio through earth impedance Radiated emission cable to cable Mains cable Radiated emission case to case input plc 2 External mains interference Electromagnetic radiated emission and coupling Interference PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 25
Physical structure of LV network Armoured Cable • Underground & overhead distribution • Armoured cable • Conditioning units (CU) may be used MV network Conditioning Unit (CU) Network LV network CU SUBSTATION Data network Internal mains network LV network CU Data port PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 26
Frequency Bands General Frequency Bands • 1. 6 MHz to 30 MHz • Division : Access band 1. 6 MHz-10 MHz • In-house band 10 MHz to 30 MHz • USA variation and extension for Overhead systems • Access: 10 MHz -80 MHz • In-house: 1. 6 MHz to 10 MHz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 27
Spectrum & Technologies 30 k. Hz 300 k. Hz 3 MHz MEDIUM FREQUENCY LOW FREQUENCY 30 MHz HIGH FREQUENCY GROUND WAVE SKY WAVE SPACE WAVE ADSL 25 k. Hz - 1. 1 MHz VDSL 1. 1 - 30 MHz DPL 1. 1 - 30 MHz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 28
Scope IONOSPHERE SKY WAVE 3 - 30 MHz SPACE WAVE 0. 1 - 30 MHz Q GROUND WAVE 0. 1 - 3 MHz LONDON NEAR FIELD SUBURBAN RURAL ROME G Average UK ground 0 km 5 km 200 km PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 1500 km 29
Established Communication Services in the 1 MHz to 30 MHz • Broadcasting Channels • Amateur Radio • Mobile Communications • Distress frequencies • Military communications • Radio astronomy PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 30
Regulatory Landscape for PLT ITU IEC CISPR Inter Governmental organisations European Commission CENELEC European Parliament National Standards Organisations CIGRE IEEE ETSI Government Regulators Industry Associations PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 31
IEEE Standards Board -PLT Committee Structure • Power Engineering Society • Communications Society • Electromagnetic Compatibility Society • Antennas and Propagation Society • All are welcome PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 32
Sources of Interference • Noise caused by impedance mismatch • Impulse noise ingress from electrical appliances • Narrow band ingress from SW broadcast • Attenuation of the network • impedance variations • general interference • poor power quality PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 33
The problem • we measure E or H fields at some distance from a source, but need to know the field strength value at some other distance • it is often assumed that fields vary with distance as 1/r , 1/r 2, 1/r 3, 1/r n – when is this right? • magnetic field H from infinite straight wire carrying steady (DC) current does indeed vary as 1/r – but our wires are finite in length, and aren’t carrying DC PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 34
What about real-size, finite dipole? • for simplicity, most text books derive only far field for practical antennas, by integrating just the 1/r terms • Jordan & Balmain (“Electromagnetic Waves & Radiating Systems”) do the full solution (including near-field terms) for arbitrary length dipole- assumes usual sinusoidal current distribution • special case if dipole is half wavelength (or odd multiple) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 35
Regulation for Radio Service Protection Main goal: Protection of radio services by Define radiation limits. Same limits for all telecom-products (e. g. x. DLS, ISDN, PLC, …) Measurement method for in situ measurements Hence, requirements for new telecommunication equipment are more stringent than for other equipment (e. g. LAN. . ) PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 36
Mitigation Methods • In case of interference complaint, several actions can be done by the operator: – Introduce second injection point – Apply Notches • Before that – the regulator will evaluate that: – The complaint by the user is justified – The user has done all possible to eliminate the complaint PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 37
Spectral Characteristics of modern Telecommunications Signals • Modern telecommunications technologies are digital • • technologies. OFDM technologies are the majority, but some other multi-carrier technologies and some spread-spectrum single-carrier technologies also exist. These technologies can be designed in such a way, that – the carrier spacing of an OFDM system is much higher than 10 k. Hz, and each carrier is modulated by randomized modulation (e. g. QAM) – the channel bandwidth of multi-carrier technologies is very much higher than 10 k. Hz PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 38
Developments towards the PLT Standard • Coexistence between Broadband PLT and Wireless • • • communications services Broadband may be assessed as a communication service causing intentional or unintentional radiation Intentional radiators use EM waves as a carrier of information typical of wireless telecommunications services-Licensing required An unintentional radiator is primarily a wire-bound service that generates radiated emission as a secondary unwanted by-product –Broadband PLT should be treated as a unintentional radiator wire-line service with radiated emission treated as a parasitic undesirable PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 39
Broadband PLT And EMC Limits • If Broadband PLT is unintentional radiator it is • • • subject to EMC Limits Two basic EMC Standards. IEC CISPR developed by International committee’s and generally adopted as national law If the laws are not adopted, national regulatory bodies provide their own legislation PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 40
CISPR 22 • Conducted limits for products: • Wire-line systems which are: • DSL systems • Cable modem systems and • Broadband PLT systems • The same standard applies to all three systems PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 41
IEC CISPR 22 and Broadband PLT • Broadband PLT requirements close to CISPR 22 • CISPR 22 specifies limits for information • • • technology equipment (ITE) and distinguishes between : Mains Ports-power supply ports and Communication ports However PLT operates with a single port for mains and data communications- Multipurpose Port PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 42
Interference Potential of a Port According to CISPR 22 • CISPR 22 covers DSL and Cable modem services • CISPR 22 charter was modified to include PLT Broadband services and the multipurpose port • This is a product standard PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 43
CISPR 22 Interference potential assessment • The interference potential is assessed by connecting the port of the equipment under investigation to an “Artificial Network” which represents the real World as closely as possible • For the telecommunications port a T-shaped impedance stabilization network known as a T-ISN represents the artificial Network • For the mains port a V-shaped ISN is used to represent the Artificial network (V-ISN) • Measurements based on the T-ISN delivers the asymmetrical voltage , Uasym which represents the disturbance potential of the communicating signal PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 44
Limits for Mains and Tele-com Ports Frequency MHz Mains Port (VISN) QP/d. B (u. V) 0. 15 -0. 5 66 -56 Telecomm Port (TISN)QP/d. B(u. V) 84 -74 0. 5 -5 56 74 5 -30 60 74 PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 45
Development of M 313 • CISPR 22 is a product (device) standard • M 313 mandate covers the complete network which • • means the actual power lines Also this new law will cover only complaints of interference This however does mean that modems causing interference may be made to be switched off if it is causing interference to established radio services The eventual outcome will be a harmonised European standard Current proposals from EU countries are wide ranging PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 46
Radiated Emission standard Radiated Emission. Standard proposals in Europe PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 47
Summary • Limits for radiation are still under • discussion - EC granted a mandate 313 to ETSI/CENELEC/CEN to develop European harmonized standard Main considerations: – Balance with existing radiation caused by other systems e. g. LANs etc. – Balance should be made between the protection of the Spectrum and the introduction of new technologies and their national economic benefits PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 48
Near and Far Field Radiated Impedance Measurements 10 K Wave impedance Ω 1 K 377 Z=(μ/є)½ Electric Field predominates: low current, high voltage radiator Far Field Near Field Plane Wave Z=377Ώ Wave Impedance=E/H High current, low voltage, low impedance 100 Magnetic Field predominates d<λ/2Π d >λ/2Π 1 Distance metres D=λ/2Π PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 49
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LCL and Impedance Variation in the LCL and Impedance • Variation in Impedance with LCL may be in phase • • for the Kitchen However the same relationship for the garage is not so close Measuring at different points in the same house and same wiring does introduce errors leading to variable LCL and Impedance PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 52
Emissions Normalised to 13 m PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 53
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Committee’s and standards to Monitor • EMC Directive 89/336/EEC • General EEC IT committees • Cenelec SC 205 A especially WG 10 -high frequency committee • TC 210 Cenelec EMC committee • ETSI PLT covers all broadband issues • FCC 15 for USA Broadband PLT developments PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 55
Key Measurement Parameters • • • Noise floor for urban, semi-urban and rural Conducted emission Common mode emission and electric field Longitudinal Conversion Loss-LCL Impedance of line K factor Regression and There inter-relationship in the near and far field Relationship with single and three phase systems for Ring Main and Tree& Branch wiring architecture PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 56
For Further Information • John Newbury • Power Communications Research • The Open University • Manchester , England • Tel 44 161 956 6857 • Email j. e. newbury@open. ac. uk PCSRG 2005 ISPLC 2005 57
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